Artificial Biosystems by Printing Biology

Arrabito, Giuseppe; Ferrara, Vittorio; Bonasera, Aurelio; Pignataro, Bruno

doi:10.1002/smll.201907691

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 262 publications

(330 reference statements)

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“…It should also be noted that nonlithographic printing methods are also widely used for the fabrication of devices; readers interested in these methods are referred to other reviews on that topic. 36 − 39 …”

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confidence: 99%

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

2021

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Since the early 2000s, extensive research has been performed to address numerous challenges in biochip and biosensor fabrication in order to use them for various biomedical applications. These biochips and biosensor devices either integrate biological elements (e.g., DNA, proteins or cells) in the fabrication processes or experience post fabrication of biofunctionalization for different downstream applications, including sensing, diagnostics, drug screening, and therapy. Scalable lithographic techniques that are well established in the semiconductor industry are now being harnessed for large-scale production of such devices, with additional development to meet the demand of precise deposition of various biological elements on device substrates with retained biological activities and precisely specified topography. In this review, the lithographic methods that are capable of large-scale and mass fabrication of biochips and biosensors will be discussed. In particular, those allowing patterning of large areas from 10 cm 2 to m 2 , maintaining cost effectiveness, high throughput (>100 cm 2 h –1 ), high resolution (from micrometer down to nanometer scale), accuracy, and reproducibility. This review will compare various fabrication technologies and comment on their resolution limit and throughput, and how they can be related to the device performance, including sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, and robustness.

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confidence: 99%

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

2021

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“…In recent years, artificial cells have been developed based on compartmentalized particles and vesicles that have been applied to drug development and therapies. [ 203 , 204 ] One key aim of artificial cell research is to impart new functionalities upon either engineered natural cells through a top‐down approach, or through bottom‐up constructed protocells from non‐living elements, with de novo structure. [ 205 ] Bottom‐up constructed artificial cells, also referred to as cell mimics, [ 203 , 206 ] may be imparted with one or more cell‐like features and behaviors, through the organization of biochemical reactions and the control of chemically‐mediated information, within internal compartmentalized structures, such as vesicles.…”

Section: Artificial Cells As Programmable Drug Delivery Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 203 , 204 ] One key aim of artificial cell research is to impart new functionalities upon either engineered natural cells through a top‐down approach, or through bottom‐up constructed protocells from non‐living elements, with de novo structure. [ 205 ] Bottom‐up constructed artificial cells, also referred to as cell mimics, [ 203 , 206 ] may be imparted with one or more cell‐like features and behaviors, through the organization of biochemical reactions and the control of chemically‐mediated information, within internal compartmentalized structures, such as vesicles. [ 207 , 208 ] These structures can be formed by the self‐organization of molecules within an emulsion system, forming membrane‐bounded droplets with lipids, amphiphilic polymers and nanoparticles, [ 209 ] as well as, membrane‐free systems from coacervation ( Figure 6 a ).…”

Section: Artificial Cells As Programmable Drug Delivery Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Droplet Microfluidics for Tumor Drug‐Related Studies and Programmable Artificial Cells

Dimitriou

Tornillo

et al. 2021

Global Challenges

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(1 of 17)www.global-challenges.com robotics, have promoted the use of in vitro tumor models in high-throughput drug screenings. [2,3] High-throughput screens for anticancer drugs have been, for a long time, limited to 2D culture of tumor cells, grown as a monolayer on the bottom of a well of a microtiter plate. Compared to 2D cell cultures, 3D culture systems can more faithfully model cell-cell interactions, matrix deposition and tumor microenvironments, including more physiological flow conditions, oxygen and nutrient gradients. [4] Therefore, 3D cultures have recently begun to be incorporated into high-throughput drug screenings, with the aim of better predicting drug efficacy and improving the prioritization of candidate drugs for further in vivo testing in animals.Because of the relatively simple, reproducible, amenable to automation and scalable culture methods, single-cell type and mixed-cell tumor spheroids, known as multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs), are used as 3D models. [5] There exists a broad range of natural hydrogels that are compatible with microfluidics, and which provide cancer cells with mechanical cues and adhesion sites to proliferate and grow into MCTSs. [6] With the aid of microfluidics and development of more complex 3D tumor models, [7,8] and the large-scale production of tumor spheroids in hydrogels, the number of compounds that could progress to in vivo testing could be restricted, thus reducing the number of animals needed for preclinical studies.Tumor-targeted drug delivery using microparticles and liposomes is beneficial compared to conventional drug administration. This is because encapsulated drug dosages can be controlled, healthy tissues can remain unharmed during treatment and drug resistance of cancer cells may be reduced/ prevented. [9,10] Microparticles and liposomes can be tailored to specifically target tumor sites using molecular conjugates, while avoiding toxic effects. [9] This review discusses the application of droplet-based microfluidic technologies for the development of accurate in vitro tumor models and improved cancer treatment strategies. The first part of the review centers around the generation of MCTSs in natural hydrogels for a better recapitulation of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. The second section is focused on microparticle and liposomal production for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Emphases is given to microfluidic methodologies for the production of these systems, and the potential of compartmentalized artificial cells as anticancer drug screening platforms.

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“…This holds a great promise for future advancements toward having a cost-effective, fast and anatomically accurate representation to address the current issues of CNS disorder therapies 29-31 . Generally, 3D bioprinting techniques can be divided into optical-based and nozzle-based methods 32 . In optical-based methods, the major step is the scaffold photopolymerization where a high energy radiation is exposed to the cell-containing precursors 33 . This can signi cantly reduce the cell viability rate, as compared to nozzle-based methods 34 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Biocompatible Hydrogel Fibers With Tunable Mechanical Properties For Neural Tissue Engineering

Samanipour¹,

Tahmooressi²,

Nejad³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Neural tissue engineering holds a great promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral nerve injuries. However, the anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties of the highly aligned neural cells have hindered the development of a faithful in vitro disease models. In this study, a core-shell microfluidic extrusion method is implemented to fabricate a cell-laden composite hydrogel fiber with tunable mechanical properties. The hybrid hydrogel was formed using a core of GelMA mixed with gelatin seeded with human neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y) and an alginate shell. The composition of the core hydrogel was optimized to support cellular growth and differentiation, yet allow a feasible fabrication of cell-laden fibers. The engineered fibers were remarkably biocompatible and enabled the formation of highly aligned cellular morphology.

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Artificial Biosystems by Printing Biology

Cited by 25 publications

References 262 publications

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

Droplet Microfluidics for Tumor Drug‐Related Studies and Programmable Artificial Cells

Engineering Biocompatible Hydrogel Fibers With Tunable Mechanical Properties For Neural Tissue Engineering

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