Artificial intelligence applications in the development of autonomous vehicles: a survey

Ma, Yifang; Wang, Zhenyu; Yang, Hong; Yang, Lin

doi:10.1109/jas.2020.1003021

Cited by 403 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Furthermore, these AVs will help form an Internet of Vehicles (IoV) which will generate big amount of data. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques have been used to improve the state and position estimation and reference therein [15,[201][202][203]. Different AI, ML and DL frameworks have been proposed to learn and adapt these matrices online.…”

Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

Ahangar

Ahmed

Khan

et al. 2021

Sensors

220

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The Department of Transport in the United Kingdom recorded 25,080 motor vehicle fatalities in 2019. This situation stresses the need for an intelligent transport system (ITS) that improves road safety and security by avoiding human errors with the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Therefore, this survey discusses the current development of two main components of an ITS: (1) gathering of AVs surrounding data using sensors; and (2) enabling vehicular communication technologies. First, the paper discusses various sensors and their role in AVs. Then, various communication technologies for AVs to facilitate vehicle to everything (V2X) communication are discussed. Based on the transmission range, these technologies are grouped into three main categories: long-range, medium-range and short-range. The short-range group presents the development of Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band communication for AVs. The medium-range examines the properties of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Finally, the long-range group presents the cellular-vehicle to everything (C-V2X) and 5G-new radio (5G-NR). An important characteristic which differentiates each category and its suitable application is latency. This research presents a comprehensive study of AV technologies and identifies the main advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.

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Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

Ahangar

Ahmed

Khan

et al. 2021

Sensors

220

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…e Project Essay Grade (PEG) essay scoring system has been developed by a team at Duke University in the United States [8]. At this time, natural language processing technology was still in its infancy and was based on working life experience with natural language, so the PEG system was a rule-based approach to grading essays that focused on form [9]. e system uses word length to determine students' mastery of vocabulary, sentence length to predict students' mastery of sentence structure, and so on.…”

Section: Related Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of English Intelligent Simulated Paper Marking System

Yang

Liu

2021

Complexity

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In this paper, we analyze the intelligent subdesign of the simulated marking system through an in-depth study of it. This paper proposes a correlation analysis-based quantification of N-element sense values and a rationality enhancement-based scoring fitting algorithm for English essays. This paper also extracts word features, sentence features, and chapter structure features in essays to fit English composition scores. Since not all students can complete the essays according to the topic requirements, a triage scoring model is used to separate the normal essays from the low-scoring essays. Statistically, it was found that the essay scores also showed a certain normal distribution. The standard support vector regression algorithm is prone to data skewing problems, so this paper addresses this problem by using a rationality enhancement method that gives a corresponding penalty factor according to the distribution of the dataset. The results show that the English essay scoring fitting algorithm proposed in this paper can well improve the prediction accuracy of some data and solve the problem of skewed data where the scores show a normal distribution. This paper designs and implements an online mock examination system that incorporates an intelligent scoring system for essays, enabling it to meet the needs of teachers and students for online examinations and intelligent scoring.

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“…Many authors across the globe have published their surveys on security and privacy issues of CAVs. [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Most of the surveys as per our knowledge have focused on highlighting the security issues and not suggested a threat model and blockchain-based framework to mitigate the security issues such as vehicle hacking, information disclosure, traffic congestion, eavesdropping, spoofing, replay, data modification, Sybil, and DoS attacks. The proposed survey covers the attack taxonomy, countermeasures, threat model, and blockchain-enabled secure edge-based CAV system framework.…”

Section: Scope Of the Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

A taxonomy of blockchain envisioned edge‐as‐a‐connected autonomous vehicles

Gupta

Kumari

Tanwar

2020

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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In the past few decades, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has gained the popularity in smart society. Global automotive stakeholders such as Google, Uber, and Toshiba are the driving force in that and also looking for the interconnection of autonomous vehicles (AVs) for road traffic management, that is, connected AVs (CAV). CAVs are vulnerable to various safety and security issues, for instance, denial-of-service, global positioning system (GPS) spoofing, man-in-the-middle, and timing attacks, which raise serious concerns for their development in application specific areas. Although many solutions exist in the literature, most of them are focused on centralized systems, which is having a single-point-failure. In light of the above facts, we analyze and classify the security and privacy issues in CAV and proposed a solution taxonomy in this article. We emphasized the defense mechanism for these attacks on the CAV system along with their enactment on issues and discovered how emergent blockchain technology could handle it. Furthermore, we proposed a blockchain-based secure and decentralized CAV architecture to mitigate security and privacy issues such as denial of service, man-in-the-middle, hijacking, GPS spoofing, and replay attacks. Finally, we reconnoiter the open research challenges associated with the blockchain-based CAV system. To validate the efficacy of the proposed system, a real-time case study on smart city integration over edge computing using computation and communication costs is proposed in this article.

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Artificial intelligence applications in the development of autonomous vehicles: a survey

Cited by 403 publications

References 85 publications

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

Design of English Intelligent Simulated Paper Marking System

A taxonomy of blockchain envisioned edge‐as‐a‐connected autonomous vehicles

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