“…Considering the need of tackling challenges posed by the intermittence and variability of renewable power generation on the one hand (Qadir et al, 2021 ) and the increasing complexity of the diverse renewable energy sources as the main players in the electric networks with energy storages on the other (F. Ahmad, Almuayqil, et al, 2021 ; Ahmad, Zhang, et al, 2021 ; Ahmad et al, 2019 ; T. Ahmad, Almuayqil, et al, 2021 ; Ahmad, Zhang, et al, 2021 ; Dreglea et al, 2021 ; Kalair et al, 2021 ; Lee & He, 2021 ), the crucial contribution of digitisation and AI to the R&D of the smart grid, the backbone of the SD of our decarbonised, 100% renewable energy future, is evident and paramount. At the same time, case studies also identified challenges the current grid with some smart grid components faces, such as insufficient data to meet high requirements on data, imbalanced learning, interpretability of AI, difficulties in transfer learning, the robustness of AI to communication quality, and the robustness against attack or adversarial events (Aly, 2020 ; Kempitiya et al, 2020 ; Schappert & von Hauff, 2020 ; Shi et al, 2020 ).…”