Artificial Intelligence Versus Conventional Mathematical Techniques: A Review for Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units

Abstract

The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a contemporary metering device installed on system to enable the power system monitoring and control. PMUs are most accurate and advance time synchronized technology which provides measurements of voltages at the buses and also current phase values which are connected to those buses where these PMUs are located. PMU placement on each bus of a system is difficult to achieve either due to cost factor or due to non-existence limitation of communication facilities in some parts of the system. Moreover, as a consequence of Ohm's Law, when a PMU is placed at a bus, neighboring busses also become observable. This implies that a system can be made observable with a lesser number of PMUs than the number of busses. It is necessary to determine the minimum number of PMUs for entire observability of the power network. The optimal placement of PMUs (OPP) problem can be solved by various techniques. Hence in this paper a comprehensive review is presented on the OPP problems under the characterization of heuristic and mathematical methodologies. Also a comparison between

Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)-Based Power System for Better State-Estimation Performance

“…Minimum NCE values will ensure the maximum efficiency of state estimation. The performance indicator NCE is the absolute summation of all the differences between the actual values and estimated values of the power-system states (voltage magnitudes (Vm) and phase angles (Va)) as shown in Equations (5) and (6). This algorithm assumes that the system is already observable by traditional measurements and PMUs are to be placed to improve the estimation accuracy.…”

“…The performance of the estimators is evaluated based on the NCE indicator, which is the accumulation of the absolute difference between all actual and estimated values of state variables as shown in Equations (5) and (6). The fitness function value of the BGA is the NCE value.…”

“…This is known as the optimal placement of PMUs problem and there are 2 of 15 numerous publications in this field. References [3][4][5][6][7] give an extensive review of the problem in the literature. The review papers present all the relevant work in the field of PMU optimization along with further information on objective functions, constraints, and optimization tools tried by researchers.…”

“…State estimation using only PMU measurements is not practical for most of the power systems in the current period due to cost considerations and needs [6,8]. A more realistic approach is to use conventional SCADA measurements with PMU measurements to enhance the performance and accuracy of state estimation.…”

How optimal PMU placement can mitigate cascading outages blackouts?

“…Prevalent techniques for OPP can be classified as mathematical and heuristic approaches. An illustrative review for different OPP methodologies is presented in Manousakis et al Similarly, another broad review was presented in Negash et al, on OPP, in which the heuristic along with the mathematical methodologies has been considered.…”