“…[12][13][14][15][16] The past few decades have seen the rapid development of PEC water splitting systems, including both semiconductor sensitized systems [12,17] and organic dye sensitized systems. [13,14,18] Among them, semiconductor sensitized systems have been widely investigated due to ease of preparation of semiconductors, good stability, broad spectral response, and relatively low cost. However, it is intrinsically difficult to directly employ semiconductor electrodes for highly efficient and stable PEC water splitting because of the challenges faced, including: inhibiting electron-hole recombination, accelerating poor interfacial charge transfer, matching energy levels for feasible water redox reactions, and narrowing bandgaps for broad sunlight absorption, all to be integrated simultaneously.…”