Artificial Muscles from Fishing Line and Sewing Thread

Haines, Carter S.; Lima, Márcio Dias; Li, Na; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Foroughi, Javad; Madden, John D.; Kim, Shi Hyeong; Fang, Shaoli; Andrade, Mário de; Göktepe, Fatma; Göktepe, Özer; Mirvakili, Seyed Mohammad; Naficy, Sina; Lepró, Xavier; Oh, Jiyoung; Kozlov, Mikhail E.; Kim, Seon Jeong; Xu, Xiuru; Swedlove, Benjamin J.; Wallace, Gordon G.; Baughman, Ray H.

doi:10.1126/science.1246906

Cited by 1,102 publications

(1,220 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Volume expansion induced thermally, chemically, photonically or electrochemically causes partial untwist of highly twisted carbon nanotube, graphene or oriented polymer fibres and yarns [1,6]. Rotations per actuator length of such twisted structures were 1000 times larger than previously reported systems [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Additionally, it was discovered that when the torsionally-actuating fibres and yarns are converted to coils, for example by extreme twist insertion, the fibre untwist translates to expansion or contraction along the coil axis. Tensile strokes as high as 49% were reported for twisted and coiled nylon-6,6 fibres delivering 2.48 kJ.kg -1 contractile work capacity [6] and greatly exceeding that generated by natural skeletal muscle (39 J.kg -1 ) [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Giant torsional actuation from highly twisted fibres and yarns has been recently discovered [1][2][3][4][5][6] with potential applications in microfluidic mixing [1] and digital displays [3]. Volume expansion induced thermally, chemically, photonically or electrochemically causes partial untwist of highly twisted carbon nanotube, graphene or oriented polymer fibres and yarns [1,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

et al. 2015

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Highly twisted oriented polymer fibres and carbon nanotube yarns show large scale torsional actuation from volume expansion that can be induced, for example, thermally or by electrochemical charging. When formed into spring-like coils, the torsional actuation within the fibre or yarn generates powerful tensile actuation per muscle weight. For further development of these coil actuators and for the practical application of torsional actuators, it is important to standardise methods for characterising both the torsional stroke (rotation) and torque generated. By analogy with tensile actuators, we here introduce a method to measure both the free stroke and blocked torque in a one-end-tethered fibre. In addition, the torsional actuation can be measured when operating against an externally applied torque (isotonic) and actuation against a return spring fibre (variable torque). A theoretical treatment of torsional actuation was formulated using torsion mechanics and evaluated using a commercially available highly-oriented polyamide fibre. Good agreement between experimental measurements and calculated values was obtained. The analysis allows the prediction of torsional stroke under any external loading condition based on the fundamental characteristics of the actuator: free stroke and stiffness. AbstractHighly twisted oriented polymer fibres and carbon nanotube yarns show large scale torsional actuation from volume expansion that can be induced, for example, thermally or by electrochemical charging. When formed into spring-like coils, the torsional actuation within the fibre or yarn generates powerful tensile actuation per muscle weight. For further development of these coil actuators and for the practical application of torsional actuators, it is important to standardise methods for characterising both the torsional stroke (rotation) and torque generated. By analogy with tensile actuators, we here introduce a method to measure both the free stroke and blocked torque in a one-end-tethered fibre. In addition, the torsional actuation can be measured when operating against an externally applied torque (isotonic) and actuation against a return spring fibre (variable torque). A theoretical treatment of torsional actuation was formulated using torsion mechanics and evaluated using a commercially available highly-oriented polyamide fibre. Good agreement between experimental measurements and calculated values was obtained. The analysis allows the prediction of torsional stroke under any external loading condition based on the fundamental characteristics of the actuator: free stroke and stiffness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

et al. 2015

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“…[13][14][15][16] Coiled fibers and braids that change porposity in response to temperature showed an increase in modulus and tesile actuation. [17] Electrical potential provides another simple way to manipulate mechanical properties. Oxidative and reductive potentials change the cross-linking capacity of ions within a gel-like matrix, [18] and electrical current induces phase transition (solid to liquid) by Joule heating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stepped Moduli in Layered Composites

Tayi

Güder

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

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This paper describes adaptive composites that respond to mechanical stimuli by changing their Young's modulus. These composites are fabricated by combining a shorter layer of elastic material (e.g. latex) and a longer layer of stiffer material (e.g., polyethylene and Kevlar), and fixing them together at their ends. Tension along the layered composite increases its length, and as the strain increases, the composite changes the load-bearing layer from the elastic to the stiff material. The result is a step in the Young's modulus of the composite. The characteristics of the step (or steps) can be engineered by changing the number of layers (thereby changing the number of steps in the modulus), the difference in lengths of the layers (thereby changing the range of steps), or the type of materials (thereby changing the tensile modulus at each step). For composites with more than two steps in modulus, the materials within the composites can be layered in a hierarchical structure to fit within a smaller volume, without sacrificing performance.These composites can also be used to make structures with tunable, stepped compressive moduli.For example, when a compressive force is applied axially to an elastomeric cylinder that is wrapped with the composite around its circumference, it expands laterally and applies a tensile force on the composite. An adaptation of these principles can generate an electronic sensor that can monitor the applied compressive strain. Increasing or decreasing the strain closes or opens a circuit and reversibly activates a light-emitting diode.3

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“…However, a very few of them have demonstrated exceptional cycle life, which should be one of the reasons that no single artificial muscle technology that has received wide-spread adoption as an artificial skeletal muscle so far. Among the few artificial muscles, a swaged pneumatic artificial muscle [26] and a fishing line based artificial muscle [27] exhibit a cycle life over 1 million actuation cycles.…”

Section: Cycle Life Evaluation Of Pvc Gel Artificial Musclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

PVC gel based artificial muscles: Characterizations and actuation modular constructions

Hashimoto

2015

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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Polymer materials based artificial muscles have the properties of being soft, lightweight and flexible which are similar to the nature muscular actuators. In our previous study, we have developed a contraction type artificial muscle based on plasticized poly vinyl chloride (PVC) gel and meshed electrodes. And we have improved the characteristics to make it close to the level of natural muscle. It has many positive characteristics, such as stable actuation in the air, high output, notable response rate and low power consumption. So a wide application is expected. However, for practical applications, it is necessary to consider some specific criteria, such as performance criteria and structural criteria. In this study, we introduced the most updated properties of PVC gel artificial muscles and proposed three types of mechanical actuation modular constructions for making the PVC gel artificial muscle as a robust actuation device for robotics and mechatronics. And we tested a prototype to examine the effectiveness of the proposed modules. Finally, an analytical model for the static characteristics of PVC gel artificial muscles at different applied voltages was derived and showed good agreement with experimental results measured by a prototype of modules.

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Artificial Muscles from Fishing Line and Sewing Thread

Cited by 1,102 publications

References 25 publications

Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

Stepped Moduli in Layered Composites

PVC gel based artificial muscles: Characterizations and actuation modular constructions

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