“…Based on the classical stress-dislocation relation and the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization, the constitutive equations were established to describe the work hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamical recrystallization behavior of 42CrMo steel [48], TiAl alloy [49,50], commercial purity (CP) titanium [51], 4340 steel [52], and a typical nickel-based superalloy (GH4169) [53]. Additionally, neural network models were developed to predict the flow stresses of alloy steels [54,55], titanium alloys [56,57], and aluminum alloys [58,59]. Besides, some internal variable thermo-mechanical constitutive models have been proposed or modified in recent years.…”