anadromous and stream-resident types. The anadromous type migrates to the ocean in spring after spending 1 or 2 years in the streams. Before the seaward migration, they undergo smoltification, a series of behavioral, morphological, physiological and biochemical changes controlled by multiple hormonal pathways (Hoar 1988) that transform the freshwater parr into a seaward-migratory smolt. After 1 year of life in the ocean, the fish return to their natal stream in spring and spawn in autumn (Kubo 1980;Machidori and Kato 1984;Kato 1991). For the artificial propagation of masu salmon, hatchery-reared (hatchery) juveniles, originating from artificial insemination and fed a commercial food in hatcheries, are released into streams (Mayama 1992). Effects of masu salmon propagation, which are expressed as the recovery rate of released hatchery seed, are of 0.41 to 2.12% (Miyakoshi 2006), while the recovery rate of chum salmon artificial propagation was >10% (Taya 1989). In other Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute Fisheries Research Department Local Independent Administrative Agency Hokkaido Research Organization 3-373, Kitakashiwagi, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1433, Japan e-mail: mizuno-shinya@hro.or.jp Abstract Anadromous salmonids and osmerids are artificially propagated in Japan by release of their seeds. However, there are many unsolved problems in the techniques of their propagation. In the present monograph, studies on the improvement of seed production techniques in 4 fishes (masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chum salmon O. keta, shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus and Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis) were outlined. Techniques to evaluate dorsal fin pigmentation during smoltification as an external seed quality, and to improve seed quality of hatchery-reared fish, and the discovery of metabolic problems in hatchery-reared fish were described in yearling masu salmon. In underyearling masu salmon, techniques to evaluate nutritional conditions using kidney melano-macrophage density was developed, and applied to the evaluation of the nutritional condition in hatchery-reared fish after release. In chum salmon fry, the development of techniques to monitor the physical condition and to find its appropriate culture conditions was reviewed. In egg cultures of shishamo and Japanese smelt, techniques to eliminate egg adhesiveness with treatments of kaolin or scallop shell powder suspension were established in order to improve hatching rates. In addition, the appropriate embryogenetic stage for the release of shishamo smelt embryos was demonstrated. Consequently, this monograph reveals that these techniques contribute directly to the development of artificial propagation in some salmonids and osmerids.
Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids
Shinya Mizuno