Artisanal mining in central Mozambique: Policy and environmental issues of concern

Pollution, shadow economy and corruption: Theory and evidence

“…In general, these firms do not follow environmental standards. The artisanal mining of gold, for example, uses mercury, which is discharged into rivers (Dondeyne et al, 2009). Bleaching, dyeing and tanning all produce dangerous chemicals, which can pollute rivers and groundwater (Baksi and Bose, 2010 2 A common definition of the shadow economy is "all economic activities that contribute to the officially calculated (or observed) gross national product but are currently unregistered" (e.g., Feige 1994, Schneider 1994.…”

Shifting Formalization Policies and Recentralizing Power: The Case of Zimbabwe's Artisanal Gold Mining Sector

“…Internationally, a small but emerging body of research is now focusing on the question of how ''decentralization'' measures impact the processes of ''formalizing'' the ASM sector (Cote 2012;Dondeyne et al 2009;Dondeyne and Ndunguru 2014;Hirons 2014;Jønsson and Fold 2014). Simultaneously, the theme of ''recentralizing'' natural resource governance is now being debated in many countries, including cases where short-lived ''decentralization eras'' have come to an end (Spiegel 2012).…”

Challenges Associated with Using Retorts To Limit Mercury Exposure in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining: Case Studies from Mozambique, Ecuador, and Guyana

“…In many ways, the mine itself was inoperable because new ore could not be safely collected. Shortly after the pilot-project in Munhena, the local mining association sought external investment in the mine (63,64). The formalization of mining at Munhena resulted in two distinct mining zones, referred to as "Upper Munhena" and "Lower Munhena.…”