Artistic Relationships in Surface Anatomy Op the Face: Application to Reconstructive Surgery

Broadbent, T R; Mathews, Vasilios

doi:10.1097/00006534-195707000-00001

Cited by 97 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…9 Some have positioned the nipples on a pubis acromioclavicular line. 9,22 Others have correlated the nipples position to the anterosuperior iliac spine, infraclavicular fossa, pubis, and the acromioclavicular joint. 9,23 Others have even positioned the nipples over specific ribs and at a fixed distance from the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

Atiyeh¹,

Dibo²,

Chafic³

2009

Annals of Plastic Surgery

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After massive weight loss, male breasts in particular are one of the most disturbing body regions and can be a difficult area to treat often requiring nipple-areola repositioning. The need for bilateral repositioning of the nipple-areola complex is also increasing in other surgical fields such as in female-to-male transsexual patients with large breasts and in patients with severe forms of gynecomastia. Proper configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex requires both meticulous planning and a thorough understanding of the male anatomy and is essential in determining final aesthetic outcome. Currently available guidelines create areolas that are too large, place the nipple-areola complex too high and too far medially, and/or require complex abstract mathematical calculations. Relying on the recently appreciated aesthetic value of the golden number Phi (phi) we propose an easy and reliable method to determine the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the male nipples. With only 2 easily measurable distances, umbilicus-anterior axillary fold apex and umbilicus-suprasternal notch, the internipple distance and the position of the horizontal nipple plane relative to the suprasternal notch can be calculated. The internipple distance can be determined with 95% accuracy and the distance from the suprasternal notch can be determined in 80% of cases within a range of 3.33 +/- 1.25 cm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

Atiyeh¹,

Dibo²,

Chafic³

2009

Annals of Plastic Surgery

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“…Broadbent and Mathews (27) in a review of artistic guidelines pertinent to surgical plastic facial reconstruction (that have been adopted for facial approximation) stated that the main axis of the ear was parallel to the angle of the dorsum of the soft tissue nose. This rule has since been invalidated by both Skiles and Randall (47) and Farkas et al.…”

Section: —Mean Adult Ear Heights (Mm) Published In the Literature Whmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

Guyomarc’h

Stephan

2012

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This study examined eight previously published ear prediction methods by Welcker, Gerasimov, Fedosyutkin and Nainys, and Broadbent and Mathews. Computed tomography scans of 78 living adults (n(1)) did not support any of these previously published recommendations. Free earlobes were found to accompany protruding supramastoid crests (Pearson's χ² < 0.05); and ear length [l] and width [w] differed by sex (p < 0.05), correlated with age (r = 0.38[l]; 0.32[w]), and correlated with facial height (r = 0.37[l]; 0.30[w]). New regression equations (for ear length and width) were generated using these variables in several samples and, where possible, cross-validated using independent data (n(1) = 78, n(2) = 2190, n(3) = 1328, n(4) = 1010, and n(5) = 47). As a result of these analyses, four valid and tested methods for ear prediction were identified, but large degrees of error continue to make accurate prediction of the ear, from the skull, problematic.

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“…The emotional and psychological impact on the patient is powerful and complex. Before undertaking such surgery, it is essential that the surgeon understand the basic aesthetic principles of facial form and skeletal balance [8,13,15,17]. They must be the cornerstone in any preoperative planning.…”

Section: Significance Of Facial Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloplastic facial contouring: Surgery of the fourth plane

1992

Aesth. Plast. Surg.

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Plastic surgeons are now better prepared to fulfill the primary goal of facial aesthetic surgery. By manipulating and combining the various new techniques, they can restore, rejuvenate, or enhance facial form and affect aging changes. Infinite variations in facial contour can now be achieved with alloplastic facial implants. By using techniques based on the concepts of zonal anatomy, the facial skeleton can be augmented with a minimum of complications. Alloplastic onlay techniques significantly improve facial contour to correct both hereditary deficiencies in youth as well as aging changes. The use of implants in the "fourth" skeletal plane, as defined by the author, represents the newest favorable manipulation of volume.

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Artistic Relationships in Surface Anatomy Op the Face: Application to Reconstructive Surgery

Cited by 97 publications

References 0 publications

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

Alloplastic facial contouring: Surgery of the fourth plane

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Artistic Relationships in Surface Anatomy Op the Face: Application to Reconstructive Surgery

Cited by 97 publications

References 0 publications

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates of the Nipple-Areola Complex Position in Males

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*,†,‡

Alloplastic facial contouring: Surgery of the fourth plane

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Product

Resources

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The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡