Photoinduced electron transfer in donor–bridge–acceptor
(D–B–A) molecular systems can occur via tunneling over
long distances (r
DA) of well over 10 Å.
We commonly observe decreasing rates of electron transfer with increasing
distances, a result of a decrease in the electronic coupling of the
donor and acceptor moiety. In the study of D–B–A molecules
with Ru(bpy)3
2+ as a bridge/core, Kuss-Petermann
and Wenger observed the opposite trend (J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2016, 138, 1349); a maximum rate constant
of electron transfer was observed at an intermediate electron transfer
distance. Within the high-temperature limit of the classical Marcus
equation, their observation was qualitatively explained by a sharp
distance dependence of outer sphere (or solvent) reorganization energy,
as predicted by Sutin and co-workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1984, 106, 6858), and almost distance-independent
electronic couplings. Here, we report another example of such an underexplored
behavior with three kinked D–B–A systems of r
DA ∼ 10–19 Å, showing increasing
rates of nonradiative charge recombination with increasing r
DA. The three D–B–A systems are
based on boron dipyrromethene and triphenylamine as electron acceptor
and donor groups, respectively, with aryl bridges where the donor
and acceptor moieties are connected at meso-positions.
These D–B–A molecules exhibit radiative electron transfer
reactions (or charge-transfer emission), which enables us to experimentally
determine the solvent reorganization energy and the electronic couplings.
The analysis of charge-transfer emission that explicitly considers
electron–vibration coupling, in conjunction with the temperature-dependent
analysis and computational method, revealed that the solvent reorganization
energy indeed increases with distance, and at the same time, the electronic
coupling decreases with distance expectedly. Therefore, under the
right conditions for solvent reorganization energy and electronic
coupling values, our results show that we can observe the acceleration
of electron transfer reactions with increasing distance, even when
we have the expected distance dependence of electronic coupling. This
work indicates that the acceleration of electron transfer with increasing
distance may be achieved with a fine-tuning of molecular design.