As far as possible: The relationship between public awareness, social distance, and stigma towards people with intellectual disability

Abstract

Research shows that people with intellectual disability (ID) face public stigma. However, a recently published narrative review suggests that this phenomenon has not been explored in a Latin American country. This study fills the gap in our understanding of public stigma towards people with intellectual disability in Chile. 395 adults from the general population (18 to 78 years) participated in the survey. Using the Intellectual Disability Literacy Scale, adapted for Chile, we explored the participants' literacy about ID, their causal beliefs, and desire of social distance. Only 1.3% of the sample identified intellectual disability in the instrument's vignette. The most common causal attribution for the condition was environmental, followed by biomedical factors. Participants showed a high desire of social distance, with higher scores associated with more educated participants. Our findings show that low literacy about intellectual disability and a high desire for social distance are significant factors contributing to public stigma in Chile. These are tangible targets for change that can lead to increased social inclusion and participation of people with intellectual disability in Chile.Any such approaches are likely to be transferable to other Latin American countries and could help reduce public stigma for this population.

Self‐perceived stigma in Chilean adolescents with intellectual disability

“…For instance, in a sample of adults with ID in the United Kingdom, Emerson (2010) found that the consequences of bullying and disablism were more pronounced among individuals with lower levels of material or social resources. Additionally, Tenorio et al (2022) showed that in Chile lay people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds expressed greater stigma toward persons with intellectual disabilities. These studies indicate a relationship between socioeconomic status and stigma, which is perceived by adults with intellectual disability.…”

“…This might be explained in two ways: (1) actual experience of stigma might be low, or (2) Chilean adolescents have low awareness of stigmatization and because of this, they exhibit low levels of self-perceived stigma. A recent study on public stigma in Chile (Tenorio et al, 2022) showed that Chilean lay people tend to have stigmatizing beliefs and negative behaviors toward people with intellectual disability.…”