“…Natural Mn oxides, with their low point of zero charge (PZC), large surface area, high negative charge, and high reduction potential, are key in controlling harmful metal concentrations, especially heavy metals, through adsorption, coprecipitation, and redox reactions [ 2 , 5 , 18 , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] ]. Compared to traditional adsorbents like aluminum (Al) oxides, iron (Fe) oxides, green clay polymer sulfur, and carbon-based materials, Mn oxides offer superior adsorption efficiency and stability for metal removal from water [ [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] ]. They exhibit greater adsorption capacities for toxic metals like copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) than Al oxides and Fe oxides [ [57] , [58] , [59] ].…”