Asian populations, as well as other traditional peoples and communities who settled in the region, such as fishermen, riverside dwellers, rubber tappers, Brazil nut pickers, babassu coconut breakers, extractivists, and small farmers among others. Given this complex sociocultural and environmental diversity, it is impossible to identify a single Amazonian dietary culture.The isolated study of edible plants is not enough to construct an overview on the Amazonian dietary culture, as it is related to other foods of animal and mineral extraction; objects used for farming, hunting, and preparing food; and mythologies, in addition to cultural and social practices. The traditional agricultural system of the Rio Negro, declared a cultural heritage of Brazil, demonstrates how complex these dietary practices are and how they involve several social, cultural, and environmental factors (Emperaire 2010).For a long time, Amazonian biodiversity has been exploited with an extractive approach, as in the economic cycles of the sertão drugs, or the Brazil nut and rubber trees. These Amazônia was known through a fetishized or exotic lens by the rest of the world through the eyes of the foreign travellers and naturalists. In addition to the domesticated and cultivated Amazon species that have been brought to the rest of the world, many edible Amazon species are used only by local populations and remain unknown to the rest of the world.Open markets in small and large Amazonian cities are an important showcase to know this edible biodiversity and constitute an important center for agricultural diversity and exchange of germplasm among the local population (Emperaire and Eloy 2008). Some of the most noteworthy markets are the Ver-o-Peso and the market of the 25 de Setembro street in Belém, Pará; the Elias Mansur Market in Rio Branco, Acre; the Adolpho Lisboa Market; the fruit stands near the airport; and the Laranjeiras Market in Manaus, Amazonas, or the weekend fairs in São Gabriel da Cachoeira or Tabatinga, in the state of Amazonas.The appreciation of traditional food plants or "unconventional food plants" (plantas alimentícias não convencionais, PANC) by the fine cuisine circuit and by movements aimed at valorize sociobiodiversity, such as Slow Food, brought a new stimulus to the study of Amazonian food plants.However, there is yet much to be studied, considering that between 10% and 20% of the world flora has current or potential nutritional use to humans (Kinupp 2007; Kinupp and Lorenzi 2014), which means that, just in the Amazon, from 1.6 to 3.2 thousand plants are edible. Most of the studies carried out in the Amazon region, so far, have been restricted to ethnobotanical research on a specific species, region, or ethnic group, without pursuing research on the nutritional properties and botanical or agronomic aspects. This occur partly due to the bureaucracy for carrying out these researches within the Brazilian legislation (Tomchinsky et al. 2013) but also due to the lack of human and financial resources in research institutions i...