Ascending central canal dilation and progressive ependymal disruption in a contusion model of rodent chronic spinal cord injury

Radojicic, Milan; Nistor, Gabriel; Keirstead, Hans S.

doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-30

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…4 Chronic SCI can lead to an insidious decline in motor and sensory functions in individuals even years after the initial injury and is accompanied by slow and progressive cytoarchitectural destruction. 5 The extent of morphological remodeling after SCI is, however, not understood. 4 However, the adult central nervous system is capable of considerable anatomical reorganization and functional recovery after injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in functional recovery of spinal cord injured rats: an experimental study

Jadid

Robert²,

Al-Mubarak³

2009

Spinal Cord

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Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the alpha-tocopherol on rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Research Center, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-220 g were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (450 mg kg À1 body weight) by intraperitoneal injection and laminectomy was performed at the T 7-8 level leaving the dura intact. A compression plate (2.2 Â 5.0 mm) was loaded with a weight of 35 g placed on the exposed cord for 5 min to create SCI. The subjects were divided into three groups of eight rats each. Group 1 served as control (SCI þ saline); whereas groups 2 and 3 served as test groups, alpha-tocopherol was given orally in doses of 1000 mg kg À1 body weight for group 2 and 2000 mg kg À1body weight for group 3, respectively. Daily activities were recorded in the activity cage for 14 days post-operatively. Results: At day 1 (baseline, 24 h after the surgery), there was no significant difference between mean motor scores of all groups. After day 1, the three groups showed continuous improvement in motor score; such improvement was maintained throughout the duration of the study with different levels for each group. By the end of the study (day 14), groups 2 and 3 showed statistically significant improvement in the mean motor score compared with group 1 (Po0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between test groups 2 and 3 by the end of the study. Conclusion:The results suggest that the administration of alpha-tocopherol may have reparative effects for SCI because of its antioxidant effect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in functional recovery of spinal cord injured rats: an experimental study

Jadid

Robert²,

Al-Mubarak³

2009

Spinal Cord

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“…33 The results of our Experiment 1 indicate that, in rodents that underwent a spinal cord impact between 50 and 125 kDyn of force, transient neurological deficits developed, and with the exception of 1 animal, recovery to a normal neurological state occurred within 3 days. The duration of neurological recovery correlated with the location of the cavities at the C-8 level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…30,32 Many studies have investigated the validity of these devices in studying spinal cord injury. 15,28,33,35 The objective of this study was to develop an animal model of posttraumatic syringomyelia using a computer-controlled motorized spinal cord impactor and subarachnoid kaolin to reliably produce initial mild spinal cord injury and enlarging cystic cavities that resemble human posttraumatic syringomyelia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct-trauma model of posttraumatic syringomyelia with a computer-controlled motorized spinal cord impactor

Wong

Song

Hemley³

et al. 2016

SPI

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OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of posttraumatic syringomyelia remains enigmatic and is not adequately explained by current theories. Experimental investigations require a reproducible animal model that replicates the human condition. Current animal models are imperfect because of their low reliability, severe neurological deficits, or dissimilar mechanism of injury. The objective of this study was to develop a reproducible rodent model of posttraumatic syringomyelia using a spinal cord impactor that produces an injury that more closely mimics the human condition and does not produce severe neurological deficits. METHODS The study consisted of 2 parts. Seventy animals were studied overall: 20 in Experiment 1 and 48 in Experiment 2 after two rats with severe deficits were killed early. Experiment 1 aimed to determine the optimal force setting for inducing a cystic cavity without neurological deficits using a computer-controlled motorized spinal cord impactor. Twenty animals received an impact that ranged from 50 to 150 kDyn. Using the optimal force for producing an initial cyst determined from Experiment 1, Experiment 2 aimed to compare the progression of cavities in animals with and those without arachnoiditis induced by kaolin. Forty-eight animals were killed at 1, 3, 6, or 12 weeks after syrinx induction. Measurements of cavity size and maximum anteroposterior and lateral diameters were evaluated using light microscopy. RESULTS In Experiment 1, cavities were present in 95% of the animals. The duration of limb weakness and spinal cord cavity size correlated with the delivered force. The optimal force chosen for Experiment 2 was 75 kDyn. In Experiment 2, cavities occurred in 92% of the animals. Animals in the kaolin groups developed larger cavities and more vacuolations and enlarged perivascular spaces than those in the nonkaolin groups. CONCLUSIONS This impact model reliably produces cavities that resemble human posttraumatic syringomyelia and is suitable for further study of posttraumatic syringomyelia pathophysiology.

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“…10,18 . These cells have ability to response spinal cord injuries and also olfactory bulb neurons are derived from ependymal cells 10,11 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ependymal cells known as neural stem cells of central nervous system are important for homeostasis of cerebrospinal fluid 10,11 . They also have ability of proliferation because of the spinal cord injuries 10,12 .…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Leghorn Irkı Kanatlılarda Medulla Spinalis’te Yer Alan Ependim Hücre Miktarının Optik Parçalama Yöntemi Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi

Bolat¹,

Tıpırdamaz²

2009

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate the number of ependymal cells in the spinal cord of Leghorn chicks using optical fractionator technique. Forty weeks old six female and six male Leghorn were used. Animals were anesthetized by administration of xylazineketamine combination and euthanasia was carried out. Saline solution was administered to the animals for draining blood completely from the body. Ten percent formalin saline solution was used as a fixative. Decalcification was performed on dissected vertebral columns using Trichloroacetic acid. Spinal cords were removed from vertebral columns and measured. All cords were cut 1 cm in length, 10 and 11 systematic random sampled tissue samples with a sampling ratio of 1/3 were taken from females and males respectively. One transversal section was taken from each of tissue samples at the thickness of 10 µm. Optical fractionator was performed on sections to estimate the total number of ependymal cells in the cord. It was found that male Leghorns had more ependymal cells than female Leghorns. The maximum number of ependymal cells was found in the caudal part whereas the minimum number of cells was observed in cervical part of the spinal cord in female. Male animals showed a homogeneous distribution of the ependymal cells. It was thought that sex difference must be considered in studies on spinal cord of Leghorn. Keywords: Ependymal cell, Spinal cord, Optical fractionator, Leghorn, Stereology Leghorn Irkı Kanatlılarda Medulla Spinalis'te Yer Alan Ependim Hücre Miktarının Optik Parçalama Yöntemi Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, Leghorn ırkı kanatlılarda medulla spinalis'in içerdiği ependim hücrelerinin sayısının optik parçalama yöntemi ile belirlenmesidir. Kırk haftalık altı dişi, altı erkek Leghorn kullanıldı. Hayvanlar ksilazin-ketamin kombinasyonu ile anesteziye alındı ve ötenazi gerçekleştirildi. Kanın vücuttan tamamen uzaklaştırılması için fizyolojik tuzlu su kullanıldı. Kadavralara yüzde onluk tuzlu formol solusyonu uygulandı. Triklor asetik asit kullanarak diseke edilen omurgalar dekalsifiye edildi. Medulla spinalis'ler canalis vertebralis'ten dışarı alındı ve uzunlukları ölçüldü. Tüm medulla spinalisler 1 cm uzunluğunda parçalara ayrıldı ve her bir parçadan 10 µm kalınlığında bir kesit alındı. Sistematik rastgele örnekleme ile 1/3 örnekleme oranı kullanılarak dişilerde 10 erkeklerde 11 kesit elde edildi. Medulla spinalis'te yer alan ependim hücrelerinin saysını hesaplamak için optik parçalama yöntemi kullanıldı. Erkek medulla spinalis'lerinin dişilere nazaran daha fazla ependim hücresine sahip oldukları tespit edildi. Ependim hücre sayılarının medulla spinalis'in farklı bölümlerinden alınan kesitlerdeki dağılımına bakıldığında dişilerde caudal bölgede en fazla, cervical dördüncü kesit düzeyinde ise en az olduğu, erkek hayvanlarda ise medulla spinalis'in genelinde homojen bir dağılımın olduğu görüldü. Leghorn ırkı kanatlılarda cinsiyet farkının ependim hücre sayısı bakımından önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

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Ascending central canal dilation and progressive ependymal disruption in a contusion model of rodent chronic spinal cord injury

Cited by 31 publications

References 60 publications

The efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in functional recovery of spinal cord injured rats: an experimental study

The efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in functional recovery of spinal cord injured rats: an experimental study

Direct-trauma model of posttraumatic syringomyelia with a computer-controlled motorized spinal cord impactor

Leghorn Irkı Kanatlılarda Medulla Spinalis’te Yer Alan Ependim Hücre Miktarının Optik Parçalama Yöntemi Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi

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