Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. I. axonal transport in central noradrenaline neurons

Jones, Barbara E.; Halaris, Angelos; McIlhany, Michael; Moore, Robert Y.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90377-8

Cited by 213 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…The noradrenergic neurons of the LC, a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, innervate the cerebral cortex (Jones et al, 1977;Robbins, 1984;Jones and Yang, 1985;Séguéla et al, 1990) and increase EEG signs of arousal (Berridge and Foote, 1991). Apart from directly activating the cerebral cortex, the LC also exerts an indirect alerting effect by inhibiting the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus (Nelson et al, 2002(Nelson et al, , 2003.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Response by the Level of Arousal: Comparison of Clonidine and Modafinil in Healthy Volunteers

Samuels

Hou

Langley

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A sudden loud sound evokes an electromyographic (EMG) response from the orbicularis oculi muscle in humans together with an auditory evoked potential (AEP) and an increase in skin conductance (SC). Startle responses are inhibited by weak prepulses (prepulse inhibition, (PPI)) and may also be modified by the level of alertness. We compared the sedative drug clonidine and the alerting drug modafinil on sound-evoked EMG, AEP, and SC responses, on the PPI of these responses and on level of arousal and autonomic functions. Sixteen healthy male volunteers participated in four weekly sessions (clonidine 0.2 mg, modafinil 400 mg, their combination, placebo) in a double-blind, cross-over, balanced design. Responses were evoked by sound pulses of 115 and 85 dB (PPI) for 40 ms and recorded conventionally. Level of alertness, autonomic functions (pupil diameter, blood pressure, heart rate, salivation, temperature) and the plasma levels of the hormones prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone were also measured. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance with multiple comparisons. Both prepulses and clonidine attenuated all three startle responses and modafinil antagonized clonidine's effects on the EMG and AEP responses. None of the drugs affected PPI. Clonidine showed sedative and sympatholytic effects, and modafinil showed alerting and sympathomimetic effects. In conclusion, startle responses were susceptible not only to PPI but also to the level of arousal. Keywords: acoustic startle response; auditory evoked potential; skin conductance; prepulse inhibition; clonidine; modafinil INTRODUCTIONThe startle response involves rapid involuntary contractions of facial and skeletal musculature in response to a sudden intense stimulus. In the case of the acoustic startle response, this reaction occurs in response to a sudden loud sound and is measurable in humans as an electromyographic (EMG) response from the orbicularis oculi muscle (eyeblink startle response). This response is believed to be mediated via a pathway below the level of the diencephalon consisting of between three and five central synapses, originating from the sensory receptors and terminating on the motor neurons, where the principal relay is the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (Davis et al, 1982; for review, see Yeomans and Frankland, 1996;Koch, 1999). In addition to this muscular response, changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity can be observed in response to the auditory stimulus, and these changes are termed auditory evoked potentials (AEP). In particular, the N1/P2 component of the AEP is measurable following the presentation of the acoustic startle stimulus (for examples, see Abduljawad et al, 1999Abduljawad et al, , 2001 Phillips et al, 2000a, b;Graham et al, 2001Graham et al, , 2004Scaife et al, 2005Scaife et al, , 2006. Both the muscular and the AEP responses are fast responses; longer-latency responding to the startle stimulus can be observed in autonomic activity, in particular in sympathetically mediated skin conductance...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Response by the Level of Arousal: Comparison of Clonidine and Modafinil in Healthy Volunteers

Samuels

Hou

Langley

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Moreover, several autoradio graphic studies (6,7,14) have indicated that the axons derived from LC give off branches to the amygdala. Therefore, we postulate that LC stimulation inhibits the electrical activity in AME by way of noradrenergic axons from LC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Stimulation of Locus Coeruleus on the Evoked Potential in the Amygdala in Rats

Oishi

Watanabe

Ohmori

et al. 1979

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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Abstract-Effectsof stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) on evoked potential in the medial amygdala elicited by stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB-AME potential) were studied in gallamine-immobilized rats. The amplitude of the OB-AME potential was inhibited 27.5y. by the conditioning stimulation of LC delivered 30 msec before the test stimulation.The inhibitory effect of LC was reduced by propranolol 5 mg/kg i.p., but not by phentolamine 10 mg/kg i.p.. This effect was also reduced by tetrabe nazine 10 mg/kg i.p.. Methamphetamine 5 mg/kg i.p. produced considerable potenti ation of the LC inhibitory effect and a reduction of the OB-AME potential itself. These results suggest that the LC plays an inhibitory role in the electrical activity of the medial amygdala.The amygdala, particularly the medial amygdala plays an important role in regulating mouse-killing behavior (muricide) of the rat (1, 2). Leaf et al. (3) postulated that the nor adrenergic system in the amygdala played an inhibitory role in the control of muricide, since noradrenaline administered directly into the amygdala inhibited muricide to some degree in most killer rats. Histofluorescence (4), biochemical (5) and autoradiographic studies (6,7) have demonstrated that the noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala originates from the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). In a previous report (8), we found that electrical lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle arising from LC greatly increased the incidence of muricide in olfactory bulbectomized cats. These results indicate that the dorsal noradrenergic bundle system modifies amygdaloid function.There is much electrophysiological evidence that the LC has an inhibitory influence on numerous areas of the brain. Hoffer et al. (9) found that discrete stimulation of LC decreased the spontaneous discharge rate of cerebellar Purkinje cells through noradrenaline mediated mechanism. Similar inhibitory effects of LC stimulation on hippocampal pyra midal cells (10), relay neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (11) and the transcallosal potential in cerebral cortex (12) have also been found. However, electrophysiological evidence for the role of LC in modulating the amygdaloid activity has apparently not been reported.

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“…In fact, LC receives DA afferents from VTA [45] and there is strong evidence for the presence of detectable NE levels in the VTA which derives from multiple sources [50-52]. In fact, two decades ago it was shown that stimulation of VTA neurons increases the activity of the LC [45].…”

Section: The Anatomy Of Ne-da Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Locus Coeruleus and Norepinephrine in Methamphetamine Toxicity

Ferrucci

Giorgi

Bartalucci

et al. 2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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The activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons has been extensively investigated in a variety of behavioural states. In fact this norepinephrine (NE)-containing nucleus modulates many physiological and pathological conditions including the sleep-waking cycle, movement disorders, mood alterations, convulsive seizures, and the effects of drugs such as psychostimulants and opioids. This review focuses on the modulation exerted by central NE pathways on the behavioural and neurotoxic effects produced by the psychostimulant methamphetamine, essentially the modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons. In fact, although NE in itself mediates some behavioural effects induced by methamphetamine, NE modulation of DA release is pivotal for methamphetamine-induced behavioural states and neurotoxicity. These interactions are discussed on the basis of the state of the art of the functional neuroanatomy of central NE- and DA systems. Emphasis is given to those brain sites possessing a remarkable overlapping of both neurotransmitters.

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Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. I. axonal transport in central noradrenaline neurons

Cited by 213 publications

References 50 publications

Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Response by the Level of Arousal: Comparison of Clonidine and Modafinil in Healthy Volunteers

Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Response by the Level of Arousal: Comparison of Clonidine and Modafinil in Healthy Volunteers

Effect of Stimulation of Locus Coeruleus on the Evoked Potential in the Amygdala in Rats

The Effects of Locus Coeruleus and Norepinephrine in Methamphetamine Toxicity

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