2023
DOI: 10.3390/w15122177
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Ascertaining and Optimizing the Water Footprint and Sludge Management Practice in Steel Industries

Abstract: Steelmaking is a water-intensive process. The mean water intake against each ton of steel manufactured is ascertained as between 2 and 20 m3. Primarily, the stated requirement is in the form of make-up water to compensate for evaporation and mechanical losses and does not contribute to wastewater generation. Conversely, unit operations, such as rolling, continuous casting, pickling, etc., generate highly complex wastewater rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cyanide, ammonia, non-consumed acids, be… Show more

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Cited by 5 publications
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“…Wastewater treatment generates huge amounts of sewage sludge, and its production in the world is projected to increase in the future. Sustainable sewage sludge management and disposal is a growing problem worldwide [1,2]. The annual total amount of sewage sludge produced in the EU is estimated to be more than 10 million tons [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wastewater treatment generates huge amounts of sewage sludge, and its production in the world is projected to increase in the future. Sustainable sewage sludge management and disposal is a growing problem worldwide [1,2]. The annual total amount of sewage sludge produced in the EU is estimated to be more than 10 million tons [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%