Ascidian prickle Regulates Both Mediolateral and Anterior-Posterior Cell Polarity of Notochord Cells

Jiang, Di; Munro, Edwin; Smith, William C.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.041

Cited by 145 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For example, although Fz and Stbm are often on opposite poles, in mouse eye lens fiber cells they appear in the same tissue pole (Sugiyama et al, 2010). In zebrafish and ascidian models in which PCP signals control the convergence and extension of cells in the developing notocord, PCP protein localizations are variable (Jiang et al, 2005;Ciruna et al, 2006). These and other observations have led to the suggestion that in motile cells, PCP proteins might be dynamically regulated (Zallen, 2007).…”

Section: No Evidence Of Wnt/pcp Protein Asymmetry In Mb Axon Branchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension inDrosophila

2012

Development

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SUMMARYBranching morphology is a hallmark feature of axons and dendrites and is essential for neuronal connectivity. To understand how this develops, I analyzed the stereotyped pattern of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) neurons, which have single axons branches that extend dorsally and medially. I found that components of the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway control MB axon branching. frizzled mutant animals showed a predominant loss of dorsal branch extension, whereas strabismus (also known as Van Gogh) mutants preferentially lost medial branches. Further results suggest that Frizzled and Strabismus act independently. Nonetheless, branching fates are determined by complex Wnt/PCP interactions, including interactions with Dishevelled and Prickle that function in a context-dependent manner. Branching decisions are MB-autonomous but non-cell-autonomous as mutant and non-mutant neurons regulate these decisions collectively. I found that Wnt/PCP components do not need to be asymmetrically localized to distinct branches to execute branching functions. However, Prickle axonal localization depends on Frizzled and Strabismus. KEY WORDS: Axon Branching, Planar cell polarity (PCP), DrosophilaWnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension in Drosophila Julian Ng* DEVELOPMENT 166As branch formation might involve cell-polarizing mechanisms, I decided to study components of the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway. The Wnt/PCP pathway represents a major class of regulators that control planar cell polarity (also termed tissue polarity or planar polarity). This has been extensively studied in Drosophila patterning of the adult cuticle in the wing, abdomen and notum, in the Drosophila eye and in sensory hair cells of the inner ear in mice (Klein and Mlodzik, 2005;Jones and Chen, 2007;Wang and Nathans, 2007;Strutt, 2009;Vladar et al., 2009). The Wnt/PCP pathway acts to orient cells along an axis so that all cells exhibit a grouped polarity. These genes can act both cellautonomously (intracellularly) and non-autonomously (intercellularly between neighboring cells).Despite extensive studies, how they function is unclear and several distinct models are proposed, based principally on Drosophila results (Klein and Mlodzik, 2005;Lawrence et al., 2007;Strutt and Strutt, 2009;Vladar et al., 2009). One key finding is that a seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled (Fz) is essential (Gubb and Garcia-Bellido, 1982;Vinson and Adler, 1987;Vinson et al., 1989). How Fz regulates tissue polarity is much debated. One model suggests 'core' components of the Wnt/PCP pathway act to localize Fz asymmetrically within cells (Strutt, 2001;Strutt, 2003;Klein and Mlodzik, 2005;Strutt and Strutt, 2009;Vladar et al., 2009). Acting as an anti-Fz factor, the four-pass transmembrane protein Strabismus (Stbm, also known as Van Gogh or Vang) is thought to act intracellularly to restrict Fz localization to the pole opposite of Stbm (Jenny et al., 2003;Amonlirdviman et al., 2005;Klein and Mlodzik, 2005;Vladar et al., 2009). Interestingly, in g...

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Section: No Evidence Of Wnt/pcp Protein Asymmetry In Mb Axon Branchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension inDrosophila

2012

Development

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“…Because establishing inbred lines of Ciona has proven to be very difficult, we maintain mutant and transgenic lines by outbreeding them to wild-caught stocks (Veeman et al 2011). Despite this limitation, we have been able to isolate, maintain, and map naturally occurring mutations in C. intestinalis and C. savignyi that disrupt processes such as notochord morphogenesis and neural plate development (Jiang et al 2005;Veeman et al 2008;Tresser et al 2010;Hackley et al 2013). The high level of genetic variation between individuals has actually aided mapping via bulk segregant analysis by providing an abundance of single-nucleotide variation (SNV) markers, although our current mapping procedures are very time consuming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploiting the Extraordinary Genetic Polymorphism ofCionafor Developmental Genetics with Whole Genome Sequencing

et al. 2014

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Studies in tunicates such as Ciona have revealed new insights into the evolutionary origins of chordate development. Ciona populations are characterized by high levels of natural genetic variation, between 1 and 5%. This variation has provided abundant material for forward genetic studies. In the current study, we make use of deep sequencing and homozygosity mapping to map spontaneous mutations in outbred populations. With this method we have mapped two spontaneous developmental mutants. In Ciona intestinalis we mapped a short-tail mutation with strong phenotypic similarity to a previously identified mutant in the related species Ciona savignyi. Our bioinformatic approach mapped the mutation to a narrow interval containing a single mutated gene, a-laminin3,4,5, which is the gene previously implicated in C. savignyi. In addition, we mapped a novel genetic mutation disrupting neural tube closure in C. savignyi to a T-type Ca 2+ channel gene. The high efficiency and unprecedented mapping resolution of our study is a powerful advantage for developmental genetics in Ciona, and may find application in other outbred species.A valuable attribute of many model organisms is the ability to conduct forward and reverse genetics. The availability of sequenced genomes and transcriptomes have streamlined reverse genetic approaches, but forward genetic approaches remain time consuming and cumbersome. Even for organisms with well-developed mutation mapping strategies and resources, classical linkage analysis can be slow and subject to chance. Genome-wide association studies now provide an alternative approach, but are severely limited by the need for high-frequency alleles and very large samples (Marchini et al. 2007;Cheng et al. 2010). A need remains for additional phenotype-to-genotype strategies in, for example, the investigation of quantitative traits, natural variation, and disease loci (Hillier et al. 2008;Jelier et al. 2011;Liti and Louis 2012;Lehner 2013). In recent years, new and inexpensive deep sequencing technologies have created opportunities for forward genetic approaches (Hobert 2010). By taking a snapshot of variation across the genome of an outbred population, a researcher can now quickly identify a region of homozygosity unique to mutant individuals. Variations of this method then use a fine-mapping parameter to define a high-confidence mapping interval and to retrieve a list of variable sites in the interval as a list of possible causal mutations. Modeling shows that the mapping power using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a function of how many genomes are sampled from mutant individuals, the recombination rate, and genome coverage (Leshchiner et al. 2012;Obholzer et al. 2012). This approach has worked efficiently and accurately for the well-assembled, annotated, and inbred genomes of model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Mus musculus (Blumenstiel et al. 2009;Andersen et al. 2012;Leshchiner et al. 2012).Tunicates, such as the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, are clas...

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“…4). Core PCP proteins display polarized subcellular localization along the anterior-posterior axis (Jiang et al, 2005, Ciruna et al, 2006. Together with mediolaterally polarized sorting of Par complexes (Hyodo-Miura et al, 2006, Mlodzik, 2006, the core PCP proteins likely provide instructive roles to direct mediolateral intercalation of cells during CE (Mlodzik, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Shaping the mammalian auditory sensory organ by the planar cell polarity pathway

Kelly

Chen

2007

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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The human ear is capable of processing sound with a remarkable resolution over a wide range of intensity and frequency. This ability depends largely on the extraordinary feats of the hearing organ, the organ of Corti and its sensory hair cells. The organ of Corti consists of precisely patterned rows of sensory hair cells and supporting cells along the length of the snailshaped cochlear duct. On the apical surface of each hair cell, several rows of actin-containing protrusions, known as stereocilia, form a "V"-shaped staircase. The vertices of all the "V"-shaped stereocilia point away from the center of the cochlea. The uniform orientation of stereocilia in the organ of Corti manifests a distinctive form of polarity known as planar cell polarity (PCP). Functionally, the direction of stereociliary bundle deflection controls the mechanical channels located in the stereocilia for auditory transduction. In addition, hair cells are tonotopically organized along the length of the cochlea. Thus, the uniform orientation of stereociliary bundles along the length of the cochlea is critical for effective mechanotransduction and for frequency selection. Here we summarize the morphological and molecular events that bestow the structural characteristics of the mammalian hearing organ, the growth of the snail-shaped cochlear duct and the establishment of PCP in the organ of Corti. The PCP of the sensory organs in the vestibule of the inner ear will also be described briefly.

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Ascidian prickle Regulates Both Mediolateral and Anterior-Posterior Cell Polarity of Notochord Cells

Cited by 145 publications

References 29 publications

Wnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension inDrosophila

Wnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension inDrosophila

Exploiting the Extraordinary Genetic Polymorphism ofCionafor Developmental Genetics with Whole Genome Sequencing

Shaping the mammalian auditory sensory organ by the planar cell polarity pathway

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