Asessing the male body image: Spanish validation of two instruments

Sepúlveda, Ana R.; Rica, Robin; Moreno-Encinas, Alba; Román, Francisco J.; Compte, Emilio J.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.125

Cited by 20 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) [28,29] is a questionnaire of 13 items with a response range from 1 (never) to 5 (always) that evaluates body dissatisfaction from a male perspective related to muscle development. Likewise, the MDDI is divided into three subscales: drive for size (DFS), appearance intolerance (AI) and functional impairment (FI).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the optimal male cut-off point: confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a representative sample of Spanish university students

et al. 2021

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Purpose Although the EDE-Q is derived from the "gold standard" for the assessment of Eating Disorders (ED), its factor structure is controversial, particularly in male samples. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the EDE-Q, as well to stablish a sensitive and speci c cut-off point validated by EDE clinical interview.Methods A series of Con rmatory Factor Analyses were performed among a representative sample of 796 male university students, of whom 139 were interviewed. Sensitivity and speci city were calculated by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to determinate the most appropriate cut-off value.Results The original factor structure was not con rmed, showing a better t with a 2-factor solution. For the Spanish male sample, a cut-off ≥ 1.09 for at-risk of ED cases and ≥ 2.41 for clinical cases presents an optimal balance between sensitivity and speci city.Conclusions The establishment of speci c cut-off points for males may help to reduce the underdiagnosis of ED in this population.Level of evidence III Evidence obtained from well-designed case-control study.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the optimal male cut-off point: confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a representative sample of Spanish university students

et al. 2021

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“…The structure originally proposed by Pope and the Latorre‐Román Spanish validation found a three‐factor model that was not confirmed in our sample. A recent study (Sepulveda, Rica, Rica, Moreno, Roman, & Compte, 2019) administered the ACQ in a population of male university students highlighting a not acceptable fit of the three‐factor model and proposed a one‐factor structure, showing an adequate level of internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of .90, higher than the study of Latorre‐Román, Garrido‐Ruiz, and García‐Pinillos (2015) . We wonder whether the appropriateness of the three‐factor model, reported in the Spanish validation of Latorre‐Román, is due to the characteristics of the sample—composed exclusively of bodybuilders—while in the present study and in Sepulveda's, the questionnaire was administered to a nonbodybuilder population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

An instrument for the evaluation of muscle dysmorphia: The Italian validation of the adonis complex questionnaire

et al. 2020

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Background and aims Muscle dysmorphia (MDM), or bigorexia, is a subcategory of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as “Adonis Complex” in nonscientific contexts. One of the most used tools to investigate MDM is the Adonis Complex Questionnaire (ACQ). The ACQ is a 13‐item US questionnaire, designed for male subjects only, related to the dissatisfaction and concerns about physical appearance. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the validity of the Italian version of the ACQ. Methods The instrument was administered to a sample of 322 male adults, recruited from the general population. We used the maximum‐likelihood confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), analyzing the covariance matrices with AMOS 24.0, to evaluate the different factorial models proposed in the literature. Results The evaluation of the factorial structure of the Italian version of the ACQ demonstrates the greater stability and internal consistency of the two‐factor model, compared to the original three‐factor model. The factors have no correlation with the demographic characteristics of the sample. Conclusions The present study confirms the validity and the reliability of the Italian two‐factor version of the ACQ and highlights the general tendency, among Italian males, to have concerns about their own physical appearance with recurring thoughts and eating behaviors finalized to improve it. Our study represents an advance in the use of adequate and reliable instruments to assess concerns about physical appearance in the Italian male population.

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“…Sexual minority populations have been mostly neglected in the MD literature, despite evidence of greater levels of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity among individuals with sexual minority identities [13][14][15][16]. Further, most prior validation studies of the MDDI did not assess and/or report sexual orientation data for the samples [5,9,23,24,26,[33][34][35]. In this study, we provide the first norms for the MDDI in community samples of cisgender sexual minority men and women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functional impairment in particular represents a crucial element of the disorder that certain other measures fail to assess [21]. The MDDI has been psychometrically examined in diverse samples of menspanning multiple languages, countries, and demographicswith results suggesting that the MDDI scores demonstrate reliability and validity across a variety of populations [5,9,[22][23][24][25][26]. However, there remains a lack of published normative data for the MDDI, including in at-risk populations, such as cisgender sexual minority people, limiting the interpretability of scores on the measure in certain groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender sexual minority men and women

et al. 2021

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Background Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of elevated body image-related concerns among sexual minority populations, little is known about the degree of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms among sexual minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to examine the nature and severity of MD symptoms in cisgender sexual minority men and women and provide community norms of the MDDI for these populations. Methods Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people from the United States, were examined. Participants included cisgender gay men (N = 1090), cisgender bisexual plus (bisexual, pansexual, and/or polysexual) men (N = 100), cisgender lesbian women (N = 563), and cisgender bisexual plus women (N = 507). We calculated means, standard deviations (SD), and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores for cisgender sexual minority men and women. We compared MDDI scores by sexual orientation using linear regression models, both unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographics. Results Overall, the sample was 85.2% White, 3.0% Asian or Pacific Islander, 2.0% Black, 0.5% Native American, 3.9% multiracial, and 6.6% Hispanic/Latino/a. The mean age was 38.6 (SD = 14.3) and 69.4% had a college degree or higher. Means (SD) for the MDDI total score were 27.4 (7.7) for cisgender gay men, 26.4 (6.4) for cisgender bisexual plus men, 24.3 (6.1) for cisgender lesbian women, and 24.6 (5.5) for cisgender bisexual plus women. There were no significant differences in MDDI scores between cisgender gay and bisexual plus men, or between cisgender lesbian women and bisexual plus women in unadjusted or adjusted models. Conclusions These normative data provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among cisgender sexual minority men and women and can aid researchers and clinicians in the evaluation of MD symptoms and interpretation of MDDI scores in sexual minority populations.

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Asessing the male body image: Spanish validation of two instruments

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Establishing the optimal male cut-off point: confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a representative sample of Spanish university students

Establishing the optimal male cut-off point: confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a representative sample of Spanish university students

An instrument for the evaluation of muscle dysmorphia: The Italian validation of the adonis complex questionnaire

Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender sexual minority men and women

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