Asexual Sporulation inCoprinus cinereus:Structure and Development of Oidiophores and Oidia in anAmut BmutHomokaryon

Polak, Eline; Hermann, René; Kües, Ursula; Aebi, Markus

doi:10.1006/fgbi.1997.1010

Cited by 37 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Figure 2C shows the resulting graphic, where "wt mitosis" gathers all the cells where the presence of nuclei and clamps was normal, "aberrant mitosis" groups those cells where either the nuclear distribution or the clamp formation was aberrant, and "trapped nuclei" shows the nuclei that were observed "locked" inside the clamps. In the control strains the number of aberrant phenotypes was very low and similar to previously reported results (Polak et al 1997). In contrast, in the silenced strains the number of cells resulting from aberrant mitosis increased dramatically ( Figure 2C).…”

Section: Downregulation Of Atr1 and Chk1 Kinases Resulted In An Incresupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Therefore, we believe that in the silenced strains, the disruption in nuclear communication/synchronization could mimic the monokaryotic situation affecting these processes. In contrast, oidiation is a process that involves-even in the dikaryon-only a single nucleus that undergoes a pathway of specific development of uninuclear cells as defined on the monokaryon (Polak et al 1997;Kües et al 2002a) and therefore the loss of nuclear synchronization may be not so important for this developmental decision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the Division of Dikaryotic Cells in the Ink Cap MushroomCoprinopsis cinerea

et al. 2013

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The fungal fruiting body or mushroom is a multicellular structure essential for sexual reproduction. It is composed of dikaryotic cells that contain one haploid nucleus from each mating partner sharing the same cytoplasm without undergoing nuclear fusion. In the mushroom, the pileus bears the hymenium, a layer of cells that includes the specialized basidia in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and sporulation occur. Coprinopsis cinerea is a well-known model fungus used to study developmental processes associated with the formation of the fruiting body. Here we describe that knocking down the expression of Atr1 and Chk1, two kinases shown to be involved in the response to DNA damage in a number of eukaryotic organisms, dramatically impairs the ability to develop fruiting bodies in C. cinerea, as well as other developmental decisions such as sclerotia formation. These developmental defects correlated with the impairment in silenced strains to sustain an appropriated dikaryotic cell cycle. Dikaryotic cells in which chk1 or atr1 genes were silenced displayed a higher level of asynchronous mitosis and as a consequence aberrant cells carrying an unbalanced dose of nuclei. Since fruiting body initiation is dependent on the balanced mating-type regulator doses present in the dikaryon, we believe that the observed developmental defects were a consequence of the impaired cell cycle in the dikaryon. Our results suggest a connection between the DNA damage response cascade, cell cycle regulation, and developmental processes in this fungus. IN fungal cells, mating-the process equivalent to fertilizationbrings together two haploid nuclei in the same cytoplasm. It is generally thought that this process is essentially followed by nuclear fusion, resulting in a diploid nucleus that either enters meiosis immediately (as occurs in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe) or is maintained and proliferates in the diploid state (as happens in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, in a large number of fungi, mating does not result in diploid nuclei. Instead, they form dikaryons, cells that contain one haploid nucleus from each mating partner sharing the same cytoplasm for a period of time without undergoing nuclear fusion or meiosis. These dikaryons continue to propagate, and eventually nuclear fusion will take place, which will be followed by meiosis, closing the sexual cycle (Brown and Casselton 2001).Dikaryon cell division, also called conjugate division, represents a big challenge to the cell since it has to ensure that each daughter dikaryon inherits a balance of each parental genome. For that, a complex cell cycle is required that involves distinct mechanisms to maintain heterokaryosis after cell division. For example, for a large number of Basidiomycota (e.g., the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea), conjugate division includes the formation of a structure known as the clamp connection or clamp cell, as well as the sorting of one of the nuclei to this structure (Casselton 1978;Brown and Casselton 2001). In the...

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Section: Downregulation Of Atr1 and Chk1 Kinases Resulted In An Incresupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the Division of Dikaryotic Cells in the Ink Cap MushroomCoprinopsis cinerea

et al. 2013

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“…They have fused clamp cells at the hyphal septa, but their distribution is usually not as regular as in dikaryons, and septa with unfused or no clamps are frequently been detected (452; U. Kües, unpublished data). The nuclei in aerial cells of Amut Bmut homokaryons are distributed in similar patterns to those of related monokaryons (385), but in submerged mycelium a fairly strict binucleate distribution has been reported (452). Although fully self-compatible, Amut Bmut homokaryons might mate with any strain in the junction zones of a cross, irrespective of which wild-type (self or nonself) or mutant mating types are present in the mating partner.…”

Section: Other Heterokaryons and Homokaryonsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…1). This potential ranges from the fruiting body (carpophore, basidiocarp, basidiome), with the meiotic basidiospores localized within the gills (314,338) (see below), to mitotic aerial spores (oidia) and mitotic submerged spores (chlamydospores) to the multicellular structures of sclerotia, mycelial cords, pseudorhizas and rockeries (56,60,171,261,371,385) (see below). There is considerable flexibility in the shapes formed and in when and where these different organs develop (89,91,171,463; U. Kües, J. D. Granado, Y. Liu, E. Polak, and M. Aebi, unpublished data; E. Polak, M. Aebi, and U. Kües, submitted for publication).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Kües

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

435

336

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SUMMARY Coprinus cinereus has two main types of mycelia, the asexual monokaryon and the sexual dikaryon, formed by fusion of compatible monokaryons. Syngamy (plasmogamy) and karyogamy are spatially and temporally separated, which is typical for basidiomycetous fungi. This property of the dikaryon enables an easy exchange of nuclear partners in further dikaryotic-monokaryotic and dikaryotic-dikaryotic mycelial fusions. Fruiting bodies normally develop on the dikaryon, and the cytological process of fruiting-body development has been described in its principles. Within the specialized basidia, present within the gills of the fruiting bodies, karyogamy occurs in a synchronized manner. It is directly followed by meiosis and by the production of the meiotic basidiospores. The synchrony of karyogamy and meiosis has made the fungus a classical object to study meiotic cytology and recombination. Several genes involved in these processes have been identified. Both monokaryons and dikaryons can form multicellular resting bodies (sclerotia) and different types of mitotic spores, the small uninucleate aerial oidia, and, within submerged mycelium, the large thick-walled chlamydospores. The decision about whether a structure will be formed is made on the basis of environmental signals (light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients). Of the intrinsic factors that control development, the products of the two mating type loci are most important. Mutant complementation and PCR approaches identified further genes which possibly link the two mating-type pathways with each other and with nutritional regulation, for example with the cAMP signaling pathway. Among genes specifically expressed within the fruiting body are those for two galectins, β-galactoside binding lectins that probably act in hyphal aggregation. These genes serve as molecular markers to study development in wild-type and mutant strains. The isolation of genes for potential non-DNA methyltransferases, needed for tissue formation within the fruiting body, promises the discovery of new signaling pathways, possibly involving secondary fungal metabolites.

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“…3) with a haploid nucleus. However, oidia production is not constitutive as in monokaryons but light induced as is asexual sporulation in dikaryons (Polak et al 1997, Kües et al 2002a. For mutagenesis, oidia can be treated with chemicals or UV-light or they might be transformed with external DNA that integrates into the genome, thereby interrupting the genes at the places of integration .…”

Section: Genetic Access Of Fruiting Body Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts

Kües¹

2007

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Asexual Sporulation inCoprinus cinereus:Structure and Development of Oidiophores and Oidia in anAmut BmutHomokaryon

Cited by 37 publications

References 26 publications

A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the Division of Dikaryotic Cells in the Ink Cap MushroomCoprinopsis cinerea

A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the Division of Dikaryotic Cells in the Ink Cap MushroomCoprinopsis cinerea

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts

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