Asia‐pacific regionalism and northeast Asia Subregionalism∗

Akaha, Tsuneo

doi:10.1080/12265089808449744

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…China actually concluded the overall scheme of FTA with ASEAN countries in 2005 and Japan did in 2007. Interestingly, despite of such effort from the government side, economic ties in the Asian region still are largely driven not by government arrangements, but by market force in the private sectors (Akaha 1998;Pempel 2007). Multilateral cooperation in non traditional security areas such as environment, migration, drug smuggling, public health, and terrorism is also contributing to build mutual confidence among Asian nations (Akaha 2007).…”

Section: International Circumstancesmentioning

confidence: 98%

European experience for East Asian integration: ideas, national interests, and the international circumstance

Kim

2008

Asia Eur J

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This paper traces the possibility of East Asian integration through comparison with the early stage of European integration on three different levels: ideas, national interests, and international circumstance. Judging from the European experience, ideas always come first, then national interest contests, and eventually the international circumstance conditions the context. I compare the multilateral approach in Europe with the imperial hegemony competition in East Asia, Adenauer's regionalization policy in Europe with the Yoshida line of Westernization detouring from Asia, and the US and Russia's different roles in the two regions as external forces constraining the international order. My conclusion for the future of East Asia is located somewhere between views of procedural divergence and fundamental skepticism. I worry about integration for the sake of integration in which regional integration is presupposed as inherently good. Such discourse will easily be deteriorated and such a blind community simply collapses when circumstances change. For these reasons, there needs to be an adequate discussion regarding for what, by whom, and through which method integration is achieved. What kind of East Asian community?The possibility of building up an East Asian community is recently a salient academic issue. Scholars often borrow from European experience to predict the possibility of

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Section: International Circumstancesmentioning

confidence: 98%

European experience for East Asian integration: ideas, national interests, and the international circumstance

Kim

2008

Asia Eur J

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“…The Bogor Declaration, a proposal for trade liberalization by 2010 and/or 2020, was identified as 'potentially the most far-reaching trade agreement in history' (Bergsten, 1994, p. 20). However, several Asian leaders were reluctant with regard to President Clinton's call for a 'Pacific Community' (Akaha, 1999) and saw the Seattle summit as a 'reassurance of America's continued commitment to the region' (Funabashi, 1995, p. 79). More importantly, the biggest challenge to the US initiative was posed by Malaysia, which boycotted the summit and advocated caution in the face of the rapid pace of liberalization.…”

Section: The Series Of Apec Summits: Seattle Bogor and Osakamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Osaka Declaration of 1995 reflected the antagonistic realities within APEC; the Declaration stated that APEC neither forms free trade zones nor discriminates against non-member countries, and that it facilitates the liberalization of trade and investment by promoting economic and technical co-operation (Akaha, 1999). This Declaration was much more toned down than the Declarations that had emanated from the previous two summits.…”

Section: The Series Of Apec Summits: Seattle Bogor and Osakamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rediscovering Asianness: the role of institutional discourses in APEC, 1989-1997

Oga¹

2004

International Relations of the Asia-Pacific

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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) emerged as the largest regional body in history and gave rise to two institutional discourses: open regionalism and Asian values. Open regionalism entailed the articulation of a non-discriminatory and inclusive regionalism. While endorsing the idea of an Asia-Pacific community, APEC has suffered as a result of clashes between two of its core constituencies, its Asian and Anglo-Saxon members. In reality, APEC had lost its articulatory role by the mid-1990s; no significant agreements have been concluded since the Osaka summit of 1995. However, Asian values have emerged as a vehicle for the advocacy of Asian identity, instead of the open regionalism of APEC. This paper, then, focuses primarily on these two institutional discourses and explores the evolution of APEC; how discourses on 'Asianness' have been articulated as an alternative to the idea of an Asia-Pacific identity.

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Perspective

Brown¹

2012

East Asian Labor and Employment Law

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Asia‐pacific regionalism and northeast Asia Subregionalism∗

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

European experience for East Asian integration: ideas, national interests, and the international circumstance

European experience for East Asian integration: ideas, national interests, and the international circumstance

Rediscovering Asianness: the role of institutional discourses in APEC, 1989-1997

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