Asian sand dust causes subacute peripheral immune modification with NF-κB activation

Abstract

Asian sand dust (ASD), a type of particulate matter found in Asia, migrates to East Asia. The increased airborne spread of ASD has led to concerns regarding possible adverse health effects. Our group previously reported that ASD induces lung inflammation in mice, but it is still unclear whether ASD affects lymphoid organs. In this study, we investigated the effect of ASD on splenocytes in a mouse model of ASD exposure. ICR mice were intratracheally administered a single dose of normal saline (control) or ASD and were subsequently sacrificed 1 or 3 days later. TNF-α production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was higher at day 1, but not at day 3, after ASD administration. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that ASD administration increased mitogen-induced IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in splenocytes. Additionally, cell viability assay showed enhanced splenocyte proliferation at day 3, but not at day 1, after ASD administration. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay results demonstrated that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was activated in splenocytes on day 3, but not on day 1. In particular, NF-κB activation was detected in CD4(+) and CD11b(+) cells on day 3. These results suggest that ASD induces subacute inflammatory responses with NF-κB activation in the spleen, in contrast to acute inflammation in the lungs.

Lipopolysaccharide levels adherent to PM2.5 play an important role in particulate matter induced‐immunosuppressive effects in mouse splenocytes

“…To investigate PM‐induced systemic events, we examined the immune responses of splenocytes to PM. We previously demonstrated that airways exposure of mice to Asian sand dust (ASD), which is categorized as PM10, induces splenic inflammation in vivo (Song et al, ). Unlike that observed in response to ASD, urban PM10, which contains more LPS than ASD, suppresses splenic responses (Song et al, ).…”

“…The cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Scientific, South Logan, UT, USA), l ‐glutamine (2 m m ; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Tokyo, Japan), and penicillin‐streptomycin solution (Gibco, New York, NY, USA), in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO 2 and 95% air. CD4 + , CD8 + , CD11b + and CD45R/B220 + cells were isolated from the splenocyte population using an IMag bead separation system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), as described previously (Song et al, ).…”

The toll like receptor 4‐myeloid differentiation factor 88 pathway is essential for particulate matter‐induced activation of CD4‐positive cells

“…Honda et al showed that ASD increased splenocyte proliferation in vitro (Honda et al, ). We observed ASD‐induced, sub‐acute splenic events by day 3 after intratracheal administration (Song et al, ). Here, we demonstrated that sub‐chronic exposure to ASD, a PM10 pollutant, induced splenic activation.…”

“…Previously, we reported that ASD administration affected NF-κB activation during acute-phase inflammation (Song et al, 2015). NF-κB activation was examined to study the mechanism underlying high-level ATP production in splenic events.…”

Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Alteration in Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells Induced by Asian Sand Dust

“…TNF-α production was enhanced by yellow sand dust exposure in RBL-2H3 cells [ 14 ]. Another study reported increase of TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage under ASD exposure [ 15 ]. Our data also showed up-regulation of TNF genes under ASD exposure, therefore, this gene can be a critical biomarker for ASD.…”