Asian Snakes

Ghose, Aniruddha; White, Julian

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_95-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Patients bitten by N. atra are treated with bivalent antivenom-freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom in Taiwan [ 2 ]. Local injuries are more common than neurologic toxicity after bites from many Naja species, including Naja nigricollis, Naja mossambica, Naja nigricincta, Naja pallida, Naja nubiae, and Naja katiensis [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Among patients bitten by N. atra , 65.6% progress to skin necrosis, and 42.1% develop necrotizing soft tissue infections [ 1 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Necrosis-Inducing Components of the Venom of Naja atra and Assessment of the Neutralization Ability of Freeze-Dried Antivenom

Chiang

Mao

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Patients bitten by Naja atra who are treated with bivalent freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom in Taiwan have an improved survival rate but develop necrotic wound changes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested using the minimum necrotizing dose (MND) of venom as a method of evaluating the neutralization effect of antivenom. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antivenom for the prevention of necrosis based on the MND and clarify which component of the venom of N. atra induces necrosis. The neurotoxins (NTXs) were removed from the crude venom (deNTXs), and different concentrations of deNTXs were injected intradermally into the dorsal skin of mice. After three days, the necrotic lesion diameter was found to be approximately 5 mm, and the MND was calculated. A reduction in the necrotic diameter of 50% was used to identify the MND50. Furthermore, both phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cytotoxins (CTXs) were separately removed from the deNTXs to identify the major necrosis-inducing factor, and the necrotic lesions were scored. All mice injected with deNTXs survived for three days and developed necrotic wounds. The MND of the deNTXs for mice was 0.494 ± 0.029 µg/g, that of the deNTXs-dePLA2 (major component retained: CTXs) was 0.294 ± 0.05 µg/g, and that of the deNTX-deCTX (major component retained: PLA2) venom was greater than 1.25 µg/g. These values show that CTX is the major factor inducing necrosis. These results suggest that the use of the deNTXs is necessary to enable the mice to survive long enough to develop venom-induced cytolytic effects. CTXs play a major role in N. atra-related necrosis. However, the MND50 could not be identified in this study, which meant that the antivenom did not neutralize venom-induced necrosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Necrosis-Inducing Components of the Venom of Naja atra and Assessment of the Neutralization Ability of Freeze-Dried Antivenom

Chiang

Mao

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Syndromic diagnostic tools and algorithms are available for Southeast Asia in general (SEARO guide ( 136 )) and for some countries in particular (e.g. Myanmar ( 9 , 137 , 138 )). Similar to Australia, a thorough patient history can be helpful in identifying the type of snake involved in the accident.…”

Section: Snakebite Diagnosis In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Snakebite Envenoming Diagnosis and Diagnostics

et al. 2021

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Snakebite envenoming is predominantly an occupational disease of the rural tropics, causing death or permanent disability to hundreds of thousands of victims annually. The diagnosis of snakebite envenoming is commonly based on a combination of patient history and a syndromic approach. However, the availability of auxiliary diagnostic tests at the disposal of the clinicians vary from country to country, and the level of experience within snakebite diagnosis and intervention may be quite different for clinicians from different hospitals. As such, achieving timely diagnosis, and thus treatment, is a challenge faced by treating personnel around the globe. For years, much effort has gone into developing novel diagnostics to support diagnosis of snakebite victims, especially in rural areas of the tropics. Gaining access to affordable and rapid diagnostics could potentially facilitate more favorable patient outcomes due to early and appropriate treatment. This review aims to highlight regional differences in epidemiology and clinical snakebite management on a global scale, including an overview of the past and ongoing research efforts within snakebite diagnostics. Finally, the review is rounded off with a discussion on design considerations and potential benefits of novel snakebite diagnostics.

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“…A number of subspecies of Russell’s viper have been described, i.e., Daboia russelii russelii (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), D. r. pulchella (Sri Lanka and South India), D. r. siamensis (Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Southern China), D. r. formosensis (Taiwan), and D. r. limitis and sublimitis (Indonesia and Java, Indonesia, respectively). However, these species are now widely recognised as two species i.e., D. russelii and D. siamensis , with the latter nomenclature used for all Russell’s vipers to the east of the Bay of Bengal [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Russell’s Viper (Daboia siamensis) Venom and Neutralisation by Antivenoms

Lay

Liang

Hodgson

2022

Toxins

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Daboia siamensis (Russell’s viper) is a highly venomous and medically important snake in China, as well as much of Asia. There is minimal information on the pharmacological activity of the venom of the Chinese species, and currently no commercially available specific antivenom in China. This has led to the use of non-specific antivenoms to treat D. siamensis envenomation. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of D. siamensis venom was examined and the efficacy of four antivenoms was investigated, including the recently developed Chinese D. siamensis monovalent antivenom (C-DsMAV) and three commercially available antivenoms (Thai D. siamensis (Thai-DsMAV) monovalent antivenom, Deinagkistrodon acutus monovalent antivenom (DaAV), and Gloydius brevicaudus monovalent antivenom (GbAV). D. siamensis venom (10–30 µg/mL) caused the concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve muscle preparation, without abolishing contractile responses to exogenous agonists ACh or CCh, indicating pre-synaptic neurotoxicity. Myotoxicity was also evident at these concentrations with inhibition of direct twitches, an increase in baseline tension, and the partial inhibition of ACh, CCh, and KCl responses. The prior addition of C-DsMAV or Thai-DsMAV prevented the neurotoxic and myotoxic activity of D. siamensis venom (10 µg/mL). The addition of non-specific antivenoms (GbAV and DaAV) partially prevented the neurotoxic activity of venom (10 µg/mL) but failed to neutralize the myotoxic effects. We have shown that D. siamensis venom exhibits in vitro weak presynaptic neurotoxicity and myotoxicity, which can be prevented by the pre-addition of the Chinese and Thai Russell’s viper antivenoms. Non-specific antivenoms were poorly efficacious. There should be further development of a monospecific antivenom against D. siamensis envenomation in China.

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Asian Snakes

Cited by 3 publications

References 90 publications

Analysis of the Necrosis-Inducing Components of the Venom of Naja atra and Assessment of the Neutralization Ability of Freeze-Dried Antivenom

Analysis of the Necrosis-Inducing Components of the Venom of Naja atra and Assessment of the Neutralization Ability of Freeze-Dried Antivenom

Snakebite Envenoming Diagnosis and Diagnostics

In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Russell’s Viper (Daboia siamensis) Venom and Neutralisation by Antivenoms

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