“…The representation may be extended with additional ontologies (Bloehdorn and Hotho, 2004) or WordNets (Scott and Matwin, 1998;Piasecki et al, 2009;Misiaszek et al, 2014;Janz et al, 2017;Kocoń et al, 2019b) and used with SVM (Razavi et al, 2010) or logistic regression models (Waseem and Hovy, 2016;Sahlgren et al, 2018;Kocoń et al, 2018;Kocoń and Maziarz, 2021). New methods often use word embeddings (Wiegand et al, 2018;Łukasz Augustyniak et al, 2021) (Wiegand et al, 2018; mixed with character embeddings (Augustyniak et al, 2019), together with deep neural networks, e.g. CNN (Zampieri et al, 2019a) or LSTM (Yenala et al, 2017).…”