Aspects of Multicellularity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast: A Review of Evolutionary and Physiological Mechanisms

Opalek, Monika; Wloch‐Salamon, Dominika

doi:10.3390/genes11060690

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The applied experimental evolution involves yeast growth in colonies on the solid agar plates. This makes the spatial environment that is experienced by cells very different from the homogenous, liquid one (Opalek and Wloch‐Salamon, 2020). Highly organized yeast colonies enable cells to undergo spatio‐temporal phenotypic differentiation in response to local gradients of nutrients, metabolites, and signalling molecules (Váchová & Palková, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitive SSY1 mutations negatively influence transition to quiescence in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Marek

Opalek

Kałdon

et al. 2020

Yeast

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Most cells spend the majority of their life in the non‐proliferating, quiescent state. Transition to this state is crucial for microorganisms to survive long starvation periods and restart divisions afterwards. Experimental evolution allowed us to identify several mutation in genes that are presumably important for such transition in yeast cells. Most of these candidate genes belong to the SPS amino acid sensing pathway or to the SIR complex. We assembled these mutations on the ancestral strain background. Analysis of the quiescent/non‐quiescent cell ratio of the starved yeast populations confirmed the crucial role of SSY1, the primary receptor component of the SPS sensor, in transition to the Q state. The evolved SSY1 mutations increased yeast sensitivity to amino acid presence in the environment. This resulted in decreased quiescent cell fraction and a 5.14% increase of the total amino acid content in the starved populations. We discuss external amino acid sensing via the SPS pathway as one of the mechanisms influencing transition to quiescence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitive SSY1 mutations negatively influence transition to quiescence in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Marek

Opalek

Kałdon

et al. 2020

Yeast

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“…Besides the shapes, one of the genetic groups was distinguishable by a multicellular phenotype. Such phenotypes, like flocs resulting from aggregation or clumps formed by incomplete separation, have been described in S. cerevisiae as protection mechanisms against environmental stresses [56][57][58][59]. In B. bruxellensis, it turns out that GG4, which presented this feature, is mainly composed of SO 2 resistant/tolerant strains [5].…”

Section: Does the Link Between Genetic Groups And Cell Morphologies Predict Any Specific Functions?mentioning

confidence: 93%

Prediction of Genetic Groups within Brettanomyces bruxellensis through Cell Morphology Using a Deep Learning Tool

Lebleux

Denimal

Oliveira

et al. 2021

JoF

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Brettanomyces bruxellensis is described as a wine spoilage yeast with many mainly strain-dependent genetic characteristics, bestowing tolerance against environmental stresses and persistence during the winemaking process. Thus, it is essential to discriminate B. bruxellensis isolates at the strain level in order to predict their stress resistance capacities. Few predictive tools are available to reveal intraspecific diversity within B. bruxellensis species; also, they require expertise and can be expensive. In this study, a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) adapted PCR method was used with three different primers to discriminate 74 different B. bruxellensis isolates. High correlation between the results of this method using the primer OPA-09 and those of a previous microsatellite analysis was obtained, allowing us to cluster the isolates among four genetic groups more quickly and cheaply than microsatellite analysis. To make analysis even faster, we further investigated the correlation suggested in a previous study between genetic groups and cell polymorphism using the analysis of optical microscopy images via deep learning. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to predict the genetic group of B. bruxellensis isolates with 96.6% accuracy. These methods make intraspecific discrimination among B. bruxellensis species faster, simpler and less costly. These results open up very promising new perspectives in oenology for the study of microbial ecosystems.

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“…Survival of microbial populations depends on the individual cells' ability to adjust their phenotype in response to challenging environmental conditions. Structured environments, ageing, and nutrient limitation have been identified as factors driving non-genetic heterogeneity visible as multiple cellular phenotypes present in microbial populations [1][2][3]. In particular, transition to quiescent or other spore-like cell type induced by starvation is a phenotype of fundamental importance in medical microbial biology.…”

Section: Stationary Phase Is Heterogenousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic heterogeneity is adaptive for microbial populations under starvation

Opalek

Smug

Doebeli

et al. 2021

Preprint

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To persist in variable environments populations of microorganisms have to survive periods of starvation and be able to restart cell division in nutrient-rich conditions. Typically, starvation signals initiate a transition to a quiescent state in a fraction of individual cells, while the rest of the cells remain non-quiescent. It is widely believed that, while quiescent cells (Q) help the population to survive long starvation, the non-quiescent cells (NQ) are a side effect of imperfect transition. We analysed regrowth of starved monocultures of Q and NQ cells compared to mixed, heterogeneous cultures in simple and complex starvation environments. Our experiments, as well as mathematical modelling, demonstrate that Q monocultures benefit from better survival during long starvation, and from a shorter lag phase after resupply of rich medium. However, when the starvation period is very short, the NQ monocultures outperform Q and mixed cultures, due to their short lag phase. In addition, only NQ monocultures benefit from complex starvation environments, where nutrient recycling is possible. Our study suggests that phenotypic heterogeneity in starved populations could be a form of bet hedging, which is adaptive when environmental determinants, such as the length of the starvation period, the length of the regrowth phase, and the complexity of the starvation environment vary over time.

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Aspects of Multicellularity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast: A Review of Evolutionary and Physiological Mechanisms

Cited by 22 publications

References 78 publications

Hypersensitive SSY1 mutations negatively influence transition to quiescence in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Hypersensitive SSY1 mutations negatively influence transition to quiescence in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Prediction of Genetic Groups within Brettanomyces bruxellensis through Cell Morphology Using a Deep Learning Tool

Phenotypic heterogeneity is adaptive for microbial populations under starvation

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