Aspects of Overwintering in the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) : I. Supercooling Points and Contents of Glycogen and Trehalose in Pupae

Tsutsui, Hitoshi; Hirai, Yoshiro; Honma, Kenpei; Tanno, Kouzou; Shimada, Koji; Sakagami, Shôichi F.

doi:10.1303/aez.23.52

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extended exposures to cold temperatures above the supercooloing point can also affect insect mortality (Chandler et al, 2020). Tsutsui et al (1988), for example, found that the supercooling point for Mamestra brassicae pupae is around À20 C, however, in wet conditions freezing can occur at temperatures as high as À4 C. In addition to changes in the supercooling point, it is also possible that pupae may have died from cold stress unrelated to freezing. Turnock and Bodnaryk (1991) found that winter mortality of Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was primarily a result of non-freezing cold stress, and that this cause of death was often characterised by incomplete pupal development or failed ecdysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of pupal mortality in Hypena opulenta: An obstacle for establishment of a classical biological control agent against invasive swallow‐worts

Jones

Smith

Bourchier

2022

Ecological Entomology

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1. Common obstacles for establishment of newly-introduced biological control agents include climate and the activity of native antagonists. In temperate climates, these obstacles can disproportionately affect overwintering life-stages because they are exposed to low winter temperatures, and may rely on passive defence from predators.2. We conducted a series of field exposure experiments with predator-exclusion treatments, in Ontario, Canada, to identify mortality factors for the pupae of Hypena opulenta, a biological control agent for invasive swallow-worts in North America.3. During two winters, predation rates in containers with large holes, that enabled predation, were relatively low (mean: 23.75%) but non-predation mortality in closed containers was high (mean: 66.25%), particularly during the colder of the two winters (87.5% vs. 52.5%).4. During the summer, non-predation mortality in closed containers was low (mean: 7.5%) but predation rates in containers with large holes were higher than during the winter (mean: 53.33%), increasing as the summer progressed. Predation in containers with large holes was 70% during late summer, compared with 25% during the spring.5. Across all seasons, pupal predation was dominated by large non-arthropod predators.6. Hypena opulenta can complete 2 generations per year. Photoperiods that induce diapause occur earlier in the introduced range than in the native range, however, and H. opulenta individuals in parts of the introduced range are likely to enter diapause early after a single generation. Our results highlight additional vulnerabilities encountered by such individuals, and can contribute to models predicting population dynamics of H. opulenta across its introduced range.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of pupal mortality in Hypena opulenta: An obstacle for establishment of a classical biological control agent against invasive swallow‐worts

Jones

Smith

Bourchier

2022

Ecological Entomology

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“…Periods with about double the normal amount of precipitation occurred in late autumn in all three years. In these periods mean daily soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm were fluctuating between ,1:1 to 5:5 C. The supercooling point of diapausing M. brassicae pupae in Japan was found to be ,20 C. In contact with moisture the supercooling point was considerably reduced, and the pupae began to freeze already at ,4 C in muddy water (Tsutsui et al, 1988). In the present study soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm never fell below ,3:5 C, and mortality from freezing was probably low.…”

Section: Relative Importance Of Different Mortality Factorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, in white cabbage in south‐eastern Norway

Johansen

1997

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was investigated in a series of small‐scale field experiments in white cabbage, Brassicae oleracea var. capitata (L.), and in the laboratory during 1990–1992 in south–eastern Norway. The highest mortality was found in young larvae and in hibernating pupae. In 1990, larval mortality in the first instar was 80% (range 9–97% for the individual cohorts). Most larvae died within the first 1–3 days after hatching. The dispersal activity during these days was high, and failure to establish feeding sites and predation were probably the main mortality causes. Pupal mortality during winter was 90% on average for 1990–1993 (range 81–100%). The main mortality factor was probably unfavourable weather conditions, and indications of cold stress were found. The impact from parasitoids and diseases was generally low. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) (Trichogrammatidae) was reared from M. brassicae eggs in very low numbers in 1991. Larval parasitism increased from < 1% in 1990 to almost 24% in 1992, and was almost totally caused by the braconids Microplitis mediator (Haliday) and Aleiodes (Aleiodes) sp. Predation of frozen larvae on the soil surface was 75% on average (range 63–96%) during 1990–1992 in first instar larvae and decreased gradually with larval age. The consumption rates of Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst) (Staphylinidae) and the carabids Bembidion tetracolum (Say), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) on M. brassicae eggs and larvae were investigated in non‐choice experiments in the laboratory. A preliminary survival model based on estimates of the mortality factors identified in this study is presented.

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“…A dry microhabitat may enhance supercooling capacity and survival by reducing the likelihood of contact with ice crystals, which can trigger inoculative freezing (Salt 1961). Experimental studies in which freeze-avoiding insects were wetted, misted, or placed in direct contact with ice resulted in substantial reductions in supercooling capacity (Tsutsui et al 1988, Larsen and Lee 1994, Barnes et al 1996. Moreover, supercooling capacity was found to be negatively related to moisture content of the soil in which larvae of the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), overwintered (Hoe et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) We hypothesized that moths tend to overwinter underneath evergreen conifers such as white spruce, because, due to low snow accumulation, the litter underneath conifers should be relatively dry. Physical contact with ice can lead to inoculative freezing and, for freeze-avoiding species, death at temperatures generally tolerated by individuals under drier conditions (Salt 1963, Tsutsui et al 1988, Barnes et al 1996. If this was the case, we expected to Þnd higher densities of overwintering moths underneath white spruce trees than in other microhabitats.…”

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confidence: 99%

Overwintering Physiology and Microhabitat Use of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Interior Alaska

et al. 2012

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We investigated the overwintering physiology and behavior of Phyllocnistis populiella Chambers, the aspen leaf miner, which has caused severe and widespread damage to aspen in Alaska over the past 10 yr. Active P. populiella moths caught in spring and summer supercooled to an average temperature of -16°C, whereas dormant moths excavated from hibernacula in the leaf litter during fall and winter supercooled to an average of -32°C. None of the moths survived freezing in the laboratory. Counts of overwintering moths in leaf litter across microhabitats in interior Alaska demonstrated that moths occurred at significantly higher density beneath white spruce trees than beneath the aspen host, several other hardwood species, or in open areas among trees. During winter, the temperature 1-2 cm below the surface of the leaf litter beneath white spruce trees was on average 7-9°C colder than beneath aspen trees, and we estimate that during at least one period of the winter the temperature under some white spruce trees may have been cold enough to cause mortality. However, the leaf litter under white spruce trees was significantly drier than the litter from other microhabitats, which may assist P. populiella moths to avoid inoculative freezing because of physical contact with ice. We conclude that in interior Alaska, P. populiella overwinter in a supercooled state within leaf litter mainly under nonhost trees, and may prefer relatively dry microhabitats over moister ones at the expense of lower environmental temperature.

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Aspects of Overwintering in the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) : I. Supercooling Points and Contents of Glycogen and Trehalose in Pupae

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Assessment of pupal mortality in Hypena opulenta: An obstacle for establishment of a classical biological control agent against invasive swallow‐worts

Assessment of pupal mortality in Hypena opulenta: An obstacle for establishment of a classical biological control agent against invasive swallow‐worts

Mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, in white cabbage in south‐eastern Norway

Overwintering Physiology and Microhabitat Use of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Interior Alaska

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