Aspects of Polymeric-Based Membranes in the Water Treatment Field: An Interim Structural Analysis

Abstract

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) is considered a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for using solar energy to produce fresh water, which is a crucial resource for the existence of human life. Porous membranes are widely used in SDIE owing to their porous structure, which is highly suitable for this kind of photothermal material and allows an efficient supply of water and escape of vapor during the evaporation process. Electrospinning is perhaps the most versatile technique to produce highly porous structures of nanofiber membranes with a large surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, low density, and many advantages. Nevertheless, acquiring a stronger background on the initial research questions in this enticing field of research needs further investigation. Typically, for the enhancement of process control, the impact of flow rate on the morphology of the prepared membrane is quite important. This research article has two-fold objectives: firstly, it discusses the fundamental description of the photothermal conversion mechanism of polymer-based photothermal materials for water treatment. A systematic investigation supported by previous studies revealing the working mechanism and the design of solar-driven interfacial evaporation has been provided. On the other hand, our interim experimental results elaborate on the influence of process conditions such as electrospinning parameters on the structural morphology and diameter of fabricated electrospun nanofibers produced by using the coaxial electrospinning setup in our lab. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the electrospun nanofibers. Our introductory results provide a useful insight into tuning the necessary process parameters to fabricate electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes by electrospinning technique. From our preliminary results after the three processing experiments, it is revealed that a polymer concentration of 10% wt., an applied voltage of 20 kV, a tip-to-collector distance of 18 cm, and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/h produce the optimum nanofiber membranes with a uniform structure and a diameter in the range 304–394 nm. The variation in the diameter of nanofibers in the three processing conditions is endowed by the regulation of the initiating droplet extruded from the tip of the metallic needle (syringe jet) to the collector using the electrospinning setup.

Enhanced properties of PVDF membranes using green Ag-nanoclay composite nanoarchitectonics

“…Membranes offer an economical and flexible alternative to conventional separation processes with high impurity removal capacity [6]. Polymers used as water-treatment membranes must be durable and have a suitable pore size [7]. Common low-pressure membrane polymers include polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polysulfone (PSf), and Polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF [3].…”

“…The incorporation of nanoparticles such as TiO 2 [5][6][7], SiO 2 [8][9][10], Sulfonated poly (α, β, βtrifluorostyrene) [16], Mg(OH) 2 [18], carbon nanospheres [19], Al 2 O 3 [20,21], ZnO [22][23][24][25], Gallic acid [26], carbon nanotubes [27][28][29], graphene oxide [30][31][32][33], silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [34][35][36][37], and nanoclay [38][39][40][41] has improved the separation, physicochemical, and antifouling properties of polymer nanocomposite membranes.…”