Aspects of reproduction in the southern flying squirrel in Florida

Raymond, Mendi A. V.; Layne, James N.

doi:10.4098/at.arch.88-42

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Given the relatively large number ( n = 15) of forest stand variables collected and potential comparisons, we used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to evaluate main effects of sex, season (winter [Oct through Mar], summer [Apr through Sep]; Mumford and Whitaker , Raymond and Layne , Jacques et al ), and plot type (nest vs. random tree) on continuous variables (e.g., no. of mast trees [NO_MT], no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our analyses revealed no significant 2‐ or 3‐way interactions between plot type (nest trees vs. random trees), sex, and season on habitat characteristics at nest locations; thus, we limited our reporting of univariate test results and regression models to main effects. We determined duration of seasons from data on reproductive condition and emergence of offspring (Raymond and Layne , Jacques et al ). Given the relatively short life‐expectancy (i.e., 10 months) of radiocollars, few animals captured during 2014 were available for evaluating nest‐site characteristics in subsequent years; thus, we did not conduct direct comparisons between years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In southern states, high levels of aggregative behavior may aid in thermoregulation and play a significant role in the social organization of SFS populations (Layne and Raymond ). Seasonal patterns of communal nesting and seasonal dissolution of aggregations of SFS across their range are triggered primarily by reproductive factors (Muul , Raymond and Layne , Layne and Raymond ). Increased female aggression may be a proximate cause of the breakup of aggregations, because females exhibit strong territoriality before and after parturition (Madden , Layne and Raymond ).…”

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Nest tree use by southern flying squirrels in fragmented midwestern landscapes

et al. 2018

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Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans; SFS) nest in naturally formed cavities in snags and hardwoods found in mature, oak (Quercus spp.)–hickory (Carya spp.) forests. Intensive forest fragmentation of the Midwest United States limits the number of available nesting trees. We quantified annual nest‐site selection patterns by southern flying squirrels across fragmented landscapes of west‐central Illinois, USA. We used radiotelemetry to measure nest‐tree use by 55 SFS (30 males, 25 females) captured during 2014–2016. Of 105 nest trees used by SFS, live trees and snags comprised 75% and 25%, respectively. Probability of diurnal nest‐tree use increased 1.08/1.00‐cm increase in diameter‐breast‐height and by 1.50/1‐unit increase in the number of overstory mast trees between random and nest‐tree habitat areas (i.e., 300‐m2 circular plots). Similarly, probability of diurnal nest‐tree use increased 1.29/1‐unit increase in the number of snags between random and nest‐tree habitat areas. Our results revealed no intersexual differences in patterns of nest‐site selection, which may reflect the tendency for SFS to compensate for reduced availability of key structural attributes (i.e., snags, overstory trees) across fragmented forests by exhibiting similar intersexual patterns of nest‐tree use. Use of natural cavities for denning is encouraging, but also underscores the importance of unharvested oak–hickory forests in contributing essential habitat to SFS populations in fragmented Midwestern landscapes. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nest tree use by southern flying squirrels in fragmented midwestern landscapes

et al. 2018

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“…Although several authors have assessed reproductive status of flying squirrels in the field, few have described methods for doing so (Raymond and Layne 1988, Weigl and others 1992, Wells-Gosling 1985. Reproductive characteristics of southern flying squirrels have been well described by Sollberger (1943).…”

Section: Developmentreproductive Condition and Litter Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation and reproduction of northern flying squirrels in Pacific Northwest forests.

Villa¹,

Carey²,

Wilson³

et al. 1999

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Northern flying squirrels are the primary prey of northern spotted owls and are important dispersers of fungal spores in Pacific Northwest forests. Despite the importance of these squirrels in forest ecosystems, information is lacking on life history and methods for determining age and reproductive condition. In the laboratory, we measured epiphyseal notch, femur length, rostrum length, least interorbital breadth, rump pelage length and color, and tail width of dead squirrels. We analyzed weight, pelage color, and reproduction for field-collected data from live squirrels. We also described age-class differences in facial features and tail size and shape in the Puget Trough. A birth-year-based age-class system had several advantages over the traditional juvenile-subadult-adult class system. Three age classes can be distinguished in the field, each with varying degrees of accuracy. Reproduction of northern flying squirrels can be reliably determined in live-trapping studies. Enlargement, turgidity, and redness of genitalia are detectable signs of reproductive activity, whereas reduction, flaccidity, and paleness signal inactivity for both males and females. Nipple length is the best indicator for distinguishing sexual maturity of inactive females. The most effective way to avoid mistakes and ambiguity about age and reproductive status in the field is to take descriptive notes. Maturation and reproductive patterns were similar among the Puget Trough, Olympic Peninsula, and northern Cascade studies in Washington. Squirrels in the Coast Range of Oregon, however, displayed different patterns. Regional populations differed in proportion of females reproductively active, the reproductive maturity of yearling females, and survivorship across age classes. Regional variations suggest accurate assessment of age and reproduction is a prerequisite for understanding flying squirrel ecology.Keywords: Northern flying squirrel, maturation, reproductive biology, Oregon, Washington, live-trapping, necropsy. AbstractThere has been substantial research on old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forests and wildlife that depend on them (Ruggiero and others 1991). Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus [Shaw 1801]) have been of particular interest because they seem to be keystone species in late-seral forests-a main prey of strigids and mustelids on one trophic level, and a consumer and disseminator of fungal spores on another. Through its mission to develop forest management practices that steward biodiversity, the Ecological Foundations of Biodiversity Research Team has focused research on the relation between northern flying squirrels and forest health.Despite the importance of northern flying squirrels in Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems, information is lacking on life history and methods for determining age and reproductive condition. We began studying flying squirrel populations in 1985 in Douglas-fir forests of the Coast Ranges physiographic province in southwestern Oregon (Franklin and Dyrness 19...

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“…Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) are active at night and roost during the day in tree cavities, leaf nests, and nest boxes (Moore 1947, Raymond andLayne 1988). They may use olfaction to assess the predation risk of cavities before selecting a roosting site for a particular day.…”

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Role of Predator Odor in Roost Site Selection of Southern Flying Squirrels

Borgo

Conner

Conover

2006

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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Roost site selection should be influenced, in part, by predator avoidance strategies. Prey species may use olfactory cues to assess predation risk. Our objective was to determine if southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) use olfaction for assessing predation risk and selecting safe roosting sites. We tested the response of captive flying squirrels to several scents placed inside nest boxes. Squirrels spent significantly less time overnight in nest boxes scented with fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) fur, bobcat (Lynx rufus) fur, red fox ( Vulpes vulpes) urine, raccoon (Procyon lotor) fur, king snake (Lampropeltis getula), and corn snake (Elaphe guttata) than unscented (control) boxes. Nest boxes with gray squirrel (S. carolinensis) fur, red fox urine, raccoon fur, and corn snake scent were selected as daytime roosting sites less than would be expected by chance. Southern flying squirrels are a major usurper of red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavities and may reduce reproduction in this endangered bird. Our results indicate that predator odor may be an effective means of deterring flying squirrels from roost sites. If so, predator scent application could be utilized to reduce negative impacts of flying squirrels on red-cockaded woodpeckers. (WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN 34(1): 144-149; 2006)

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Aspects of reproduction in the southern flying squirrel in Florida

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Nest tree use by southern flying squirrels in fragmented midwestern landscapes

Nest tree use by southern flying squirrels in fragmented midwestern landscapes

Maturation and reproduction of northern flying squirrels in Pacific Northwest forests.

Role of Predator Odor in Roost Site Selection of Southern Flying Squirrels

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