ASPECTS OF 3 He AND THE STANDARD ELECTROWEAK MODEL

Physica B: Condensed Matter

1998

The gapless fermionic excitations in superfluid 3 He-A have a "relativistic" spectrum close to the gap nodes. They are the counterpart of chiral particles (left-handed and right-handed) in high energy physics above the electroweak transition. We discuss the effective gravity and effective gauge fields induced by these massless fermions in the low-energy corner. The interaction of the chiral fermions with the gauge field in 3 He-A is discussed in detail. It gives rise to the effect of axial anomaly: Conversion of charge from the coherent motion of the condensate (vacuum) to the quasiparticles (matter). The charge of the quasiparticles is thus not conserved. In other words, matter can be created without creating antimatter. This effect is instrumental for vortex dynamics, in which the vortex is the mediator of conversion of linear momentum from the condensate to the normal component via spectral flow in the vortex core. The same effect leads to the instability of the counterflow in 3 He-A, in which the flow of the normal component (incoherent degrees of freedom) is transformed to the order parameter texture (coherent degrees of freedom). We discuss the analogues of these phenomena in high energy physics. The conversion of the momentum from the vortex to the heat bath is equivalent to the nonconservation of baryon number in the presence of textures and cosmic strings. The counterflow instability is equivalent to the generation of the hypermagnetic field via the axial anomaly. We discuss also an analogue of axions and different sources of the mass of the "hyperphoton" in 3 He-A.

Section: B Anomalous Nucleation Of Baryonic Chargementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Singular Vortex and Baryogenesis By Cosmic Stringsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Axial anomaly in 3He-A:

Physica B: Condensed Matter

1998

“…The Fermi point (say, at the north pole) is actually doubly degenerate owing to the ordinary spin of the 3 He atom. The double degeneracy results in the SU(2) effective gauge field, acting on quasiparticles near the Fermi point (14,43), which means that the higher symmetry groups could be a consequence of the Fermi point degeneracy. For example, the 4-fold degeneracy could result in the four left-handed ϩ four righthanded fermionic species and simultaneously in the SU(4) gauge group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field theory in superfluid ³ He: What are the lessons for particle physics, gravity, and high-temperature superconductivity?

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1999

Self Cite

There are several classes of homogeneous Fermi systems that are characterized by the topology of the energy spectrum of fermionic quasiparticles: (i) gapless systems with a Fermi surface, (ii) systems with a gap in their spectrum, (iii) gapless systems with topologically stable point nodes (Fermi points), and (iv) gapless systems with topologically unstable lines of nodes (Fermi lines). Superf luid 3 He-A and electroweak vacuum belong to the universality class 3. The fermionic quasiparticles (particles) in this class are chiral: they are left-handed or right-handed. The collective bosonic modes of systems of class 3 are the effective gauge and gravitational fields. The great advantage of superf luid 3 He-A is that we can perform experiments by using this condensed matter and thereby simulate many phenomena in high energy physics, including axial anomaly, baryoproduction, and magnetogenesis.3 He-A textures induce a nontrivial effective metrics of the space, where the free quasiparticles move along geodesics. With 3 He-A one can simulate event horizons, Hawking radiation, rotating vacuum, etc. High-temperature superconductors are believed to belong to class 4. They have gapless fermionic quasiparticles with a ''relativistic'' spectrum close to gap nodes, which allows application of ideas developed for superf luid 3 He-A.It is now well understood that the universe and its symmetrybroken ground state, the physical vacuum, may behave like a condensed matter system with a complicated and possibly degenerate ground state (1-5). If the analogy of the quantum mechanical physical vacuum with condensed matter systems is taken seriously, the first question that arises is: which system of condensed matter reproduces most closely the properties of the quantum vacuum? Because particle physics deals with interacting Fermi and Bose quantum fields, the system should be fermionic. This requirement excludes superfluid 4 He, which contains only Bose fields. In Fermi systems, such as metals, superconductors, and normal and superfluid 3 He, in addition to the fermionic degrees of freedom that come from the bare fermions, electrons, and 3 He-atoms, the quantum Bose fields appear as low-energy collective modes. Therefore, these systems do represent interacting Fermi and Bose quantum fields.Which Fermi system is the best? To answer this question we first must realize that the main feature that differentiates between various Fermi systems is the topology of the quasiparticle spectrum in the low energy (infra-red) corner. I will consider only systems whose ground state is spatially homogeneous, which is one of the least disputed properties of the physical vacuum. When the topology of the quasiparticle spectrum is taken into account, the homogeneous Fermi systems can be organized into very few classes (see Fig. 1).

“…Ref. [24]), while in the spin sector one has SO S (3) → SO S (2). The order parameter matrix has the form…”

Section: Nambu Sum Rules In Bulk 3 He-amentioning

confidence: 99%

Nambu sum rule in the NJL Models: from superfluidity to top quark condensation

Zubkov

2013

Jetp Lett.

Self Cite

It may appear that the recently found resonance at 125 GeV is not the only Higgs boson. We point out the possibility that the Higgs bosons appear in models of top-quark condensation, where the masses of the bosonic excitations are related to the top quark mass by the sum rule similar to the Nambu sum rule of the NJL models [1]. This rule was originally considered by Nambu for superfluid 3 He-B and for the BCS model of superconductivity. It relates the two masses of bosonic excitations existing in each channel of Cooper pairing to the fermion mass. An example of the Nambu partners is provided by the amplitude and the phase modes in the BCS model describing Cooper pairing in the s-wave channel. This sum rule suggests the existence of the Nambu partners for the 125 GeV Higgs boson. Their masses can be predicted by the Nambu sum rule under certain circumstances. For example, if there are only two states in the given channel, the mass of the Nambu partner is ∼ 325 GeV. They together satisfy the Nambu sum rule M