Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part I: Type of Active Substance, Contact Time, Microorganism Species

Majchrzycka, Katarzyna; Gutarowska, Beata; Brochocka, Agnieszka

doi:10.1080/10803548.2010.11076841

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These studies suggest that efficacy of antimicrobial FFRs for this application is dependent on the pathogen, antimicrobial agent, storage conditions, and specific test method used which makes generalization of findings difficult. ( 73 , 78 – 81 ) Although promising, the lack of conclusive evidence suggests that additional work is needed before FFRs incorporating antimicrobial technologies can be factored into FFR reuse recommendations.…”

Section: Scientific Evidence On Ffr Extended Use and Limited Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and Limited Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Health Care Settings

Fisher

Shaffer

2014

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

114

117

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Public health organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are increasingly recommending the use of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) in health care settings. For infection control purposes, the usual practice is to discard FFRs after close contact with a patient (“single use”). However, in some situations, such as during contact with tuberculosis patients, limited FFR reuse (i.e., repeated donning and doffing of the same FFR by the same person) is practiced. A related practice, extended use, involves wearing the same FFR for multiple patient encounters without doffing. Extended use and limited FFR reuse have been recommended during infectious disease outbreaks and pandemics to conserve FFR supplies. This commentary examines CDC recommendations related to FFR extended use and limited reuse and analyzes available data from the literature to provide a relative estimate of the risks of these practices compared to single use. Analysis of the available data and the use of disease transmission models indicate that decisions regarding whether FFR extended use or reuse should be recommended should continue to be pathogen- and event-specific. Factors to be included in developing the recommendations are the potential for the pathogen to spread via contact transmission, the potential that the event could result in or is currently causing a FFR shortage, the protection provided by FFR use, human factors, potential for self-inoculation, the potential for secondary exposures, and government policies and regulations. While recent findings largely support the previous recommendations for extended use and limited reuse in certain situations, some new cautions and limitations should be considered before issuing recommendations in the future. In general, extended use of FFRs is preferred over limited FFR reuse. Limited FFR reuse would allow the user a brief respite from extended wear times, but increases the risk of self-inoculation and preliminary data from one study suggest that some FFR models may begin to lose effectiveness after multiple donnings.

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Section: Scientific Evidence On Ffr Extended Use and Limited Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and Limited Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Health Care Settings

Fisher

Shaffer

2014

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

114

117

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“…The number of microorganisms found in composting plants was 9.98 Â 10 3 CFU/m 3 for bacteria and 2.16 Â 10 3 CFU/m 3 for fungi. However, some authors have reported even higher concentrations of microorganisms in such facilities, amounting to 10 8 CFU/m 3 for bacteria and 10 7 CFU/m 3 for fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Over the years silver modification of non-biodegradable polymer nonwovens (containing, polypropylene, polyester, acrylic fiber, methyl methacrylate), has been the subject of numerous studies. 9,[29][30][31][32] Some of these also concern their application for the protection of the respiratory tract. 8,10 This study has confirmed the high antimicrobial and, in particular, antifungal activity of nonwovens containing silver, and suggested their potential use in filtration systems designed for the respiratory protection of workers exposed to filamentous fungi (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 While such solutions effectively eliminate microorganisms and protect the respiratory tract, which has been proven by previous research, they are a substantial burden on the environment since these polymers are poorly biodegradable. 9,10 Thus the optimal the optimum technological solutions are those that not only exhibit antimicrobial properties without irritant or allergic effects on humans, but also biodegrade at the end of their life cycle. A material that potentially fits the above criteria is the easily biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) with the biologically active poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA).…”

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confidence: 99%

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PLA nonwovens modified with poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) as antimicrobial filter materials for workplaces

Gutarowska

Stawski

Skóra

et al. 2014

Textile Research Journal

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The objective of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of silver- and copper-modified polylactide (PLA)–poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) nonwovens used as materials for the production of air purifying respirators. The antimicrobial activity of six types of PLA nonwovens, with different PDMAEMA, Ag, and Cu contents, were tested using the ATCC 100 method. Microorganisms were isolated from the air in 12 workplaces within composting plants, tanneries, and museums. Dominant bacterial and fungal species were identified using 16S RNA and ITS1/2 molecular analysis, respectively. Air samples collected from the composting plant and tannery were highly contaminated with bacteria, while those from museums with fungi (103–104 CFU/m3). We identified potentially pathogenic microorganisms from the following genera: Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, and Paecilomyces. PLA nonwovens containing 5.1% poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and 2.7% Ag or 3.8% Cu exhibited good antimicrobial properties ( R > 99.9%) against the pathogenic strains found in the above workplaces. These nonwovens also have good inspiratory resistance parameters.

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“…Sanitized biocide was the factor that inhibited the growth of all microorganisms on filtering materials. Previous studies have shown that the use of this biocide for the modification of nonwovens in FFRs is an effective way to limit the growth of microorganisms; however, it depends on microorganism type, the kind of biocide and concentration as well as its carrier [30,31,41,42,43]. Sanitized biocide, containing quaternary ammonium salts, has been used in pilot studies to modify FFRs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities

Jachowicz

Majchrzycka

Szulc

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Bioaerosol is a threat at workplaces, therefore the selection and safe use of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is important in preventive activities. The aim of the study was to assess the survival of microorganisms on materials used for FFRs construction. The parameters for microorganism growth under model conditions were described using the Gompertz equation, model verification was also carried out using FFRs at the farmers’ workplaces. We found that the factors determining a high survival of microorganisms were as follows: moisture corresponding to the conditions of use and storage of FFRs at workplaces, the presence of sweat and organic dust; inorganic dust and addition of biocide in nonwovens limited the growth of microorganisms, resulting in a shortening of the stationary growth phase and decreased cell numbers (5–6 log). Dust concentration at workplaces was higher than EU occupational exposure limit values and WHO recommendations for airborne particulate matter. Microbial contaminations of the air (103–104 CFU/m3), settled dust (104–106 CFU/g) and FFRs (105 CFU/4cm2) during the grain harvest were high, the main contamination being bacteria (actinomycetes, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and xerophilic fungi. A high correlation was found between the number of microorganisms and the weight of dust on FFRs (R2 = 0.93–0.96).

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Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part I: Type of Active Substance, Contact Time, Microorganism Species

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and Limited Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Health Care Settings

Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and Limited Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Health Care Settings

PLA nonwovens modified with poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) as antimicrobial filter materials for workplaces

Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities

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