Aspects of the Pharmacology of Local Anaesthetic Agents

Löfström, Bertil

doi:10.1093/bja/42.3.194

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In that paper, the authors reported that 2% lidocaine produced faster onset of action and longer duration than 1% lidocaine 11 . It is believed that the concentration of the local anesthetic used has an influence on the absorption capacity at the perineural level, obeying Fick's principle 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cadaveric study to determine the minimum volume of methylene blue to completely color the nerves of brachial plexus in cats. An update in forelimb and shoulder surgeries

Mencalha¹,

Fernandes²,

Sousa

et al. 2014

Acta Cir. Bras.

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PURPOSE:To determine the minimum volume of methylene blue (MB) to completely color the brachial plexus (BP) nerves, simulating an effective anesthetic block in cats. METHODS:Fifteen adult male cat cadavers were injected through subscapular approach with volumes of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ml in both forelimbs, for a total of 30 brachial plexus blocks (BPB). After infusions, the specimens were carefully dissected preserving each nervous branch. The measurement of the effective area was indicated by the impregnation of MB. Nerves were divided into four segments from the origin at the spinal level until the insertion into the thoracic limb muscles. The blocks were considered effective only when all the nerves were strongly or totally colored. RESULTS:Volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered insufficient suggesting a failed block, however, volumes of 5 and 6 ml were associated with a successful block. CONCLUSIONS:The injection of methylene blue, in a volume of 6 ml, completely colored the brachial plexus. At volumes of 5 and 6 ml the brachial plexus blocks were considered a successful regional block, however, volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered a failed regional block.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cadaveric study to determine the minimum volume of methylene blue to completely color the nerves of brachial plexus in cats. An update in forelimb and shoulder surgeries

Mencalha¹,

Fernandes²,

Sousa

et al. 2014

Acta Cir. Bras.

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“…Since adrenalin prolongs the duration of action of mepivacaine by about 100 O/o (Lofstrom 1970), presumably bupivacaine has a duration of action about four times as long as that of mepivacaine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A longer onset time, particularly as concerns the blocking of motor impulses after bupivacaine, has been observed by Bromage (1969). According to Lofstrom (1970), this tendency of bupivacaine may be an expression of lesser potency. It needs also to be taken into account that in the present series the mean weight of the patients in the mepivacaine group was lower than in either bupivacaine group, with the consequence that the dose of mepivacaine was correspondingly larger and thus the onset time possibly was shortened for that reason.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Bupivacaine With and Without Adrenalin and Mepivacaine With Adrenalin in Intraocular Surgery

Laaka¹,

Nikki²,

Tarkkanen³

1972

Acta Ophthalmologica

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A comparative double-blind study has been made of 0.5 O/o bupivacaine (Marcainea) with adrenalin 1 :200 000, 0.5 O/o bupivacaine plain, and 2 O/o mepivacaine (CarbocaineB) with adrenalin 1 :200 000, in a series of 35 patients undergoing cataract and glaucoma surgery. The onset time of analgesia did not differ in the groups, but the onset of akinesia in orbicularis, and especially in the extraocular muscles, seemed longer in both bupivacaine groups. The duration of analgesia was about one and a half times as long, and that of akinesia about twice as long in the two bupivacaine groups as in the mepivacaine/adrenalin group. In the bupivacaine plain group an increased tendency towards conjunctival bleeding was observable during the operation; consequently, bupivacaine with adrenalin is preferable.In ocular surgery, 0.5 O/o bupivacaine with adrenalin offers a good choice of local analgesic agent when local anesthesia must last a long time. Due to its slow onset, the local blocks have to be administered at least 30 minutes before the surgery is begun.In intraocular operations, temporary paralysis of the orbicularis oculi and the extraocular muscles, together with blocking of the postganglionic fibres of the

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“…30 Carbonated solutions, which release carbon dioxide and rapidly lower intracellular pH, will cause increased dissociation of the analgesic base into the ionised form. The blood dissociation constant (pKa) of most local analgesics is in the region of 8-9, but they are prepared in solutions with a pH much lower than this, so that considerable buffering has to occur in the tissues to release free base.…”

Section: Local Analgesic Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%