Asperger Syndrome: Familial and Pre- and Perinatal Factors

Gillberg, Christopher; Cederlund, Mats

doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1993-7

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Myelomeningocele may be associated with inadequate maternal folic acid intake, low maternal vitamin B 12 status, and exposure to some teratogens; and approximately 25% of the incidence of AS is associated with pre-or perinatal risk. 21,22 Prenatal substance exposure is also associated with heightened risk of premature birth 23 and ADHD. 4 Two of the opiate-exposed children were born prematurely (gestational age Ͻ 37 weeks, namely 31 and 34 weeks), and 4 of the substance-exposed children in the present sample had an ADHD diagnosis, for which they were medicated.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

White Matter Characteristics and Cognition in Prenatally Opiate- and Polysubstance-Exposed Children: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Walhovd

Westlye²,

Moe³

et al. 2010

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

White Matter Characteristics and Cognition in Prenatally Opiate- and Polysubstance-Exposed Children: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Walhovd

Westlye²,

Moe³

et al. 2010

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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“…Even though this has not been directly linked to either of the conditions in question, a higher rate of pathological conditions in prenatally opiate exposed children seems likely. For instance, MMC may be associated with inadequate maternal folic acid intake, low maternal vitamin B12 status, and exposure to some teratogens, and about 25 % of the incidences of AS is associated with pre-or perinatal risk (Gillberg and Cederlund, 2005;Mitchell et al, 2004). Two of the opiate exposed children were also born prematurely (gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks, namely 31 and 34 weeks), which is a known risk associated with prenatal substance exposure (Hans, 1992).…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric cerebral characteristics of children exposed to opiates and other substances in utero

et al. 2007

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Morphometric cerebral characteristics were studied in children with prenatal poly-substance exposure (n =14) compared to controls (n = 14) without such exposure. Ten of the substance exposed children were born to mothers who used opiates (heroin) throughout the pregnancy. Groups were compared across 16 brain measures: cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, accumbens area, caudate, putamen, pallidum, brainstem, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, lateral ventricles, inferior lateral ventricles, and the 3 rd and 4 th ventricles. In addition, continuous measurement of thickness across the entire cortical mantle was performed. Volumetric characteristics were correlated with ability and questionnaire assessments 2 years prior to scan. Compared to controls, the substance-exposed children had smaller intracranial and brain volumes, including smaller cerebral cortex, amygdala, accumbens area, putamen, pallidum, brainstem, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, and inferior lateral ventricles, and thinner cortex of the right anterior cingulate and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Pallidum and putamen appeared especially reduced in the subgroup exposed to opiates. Only volumes of the right anterior cingulate, the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the accumbens area, showed some association with ability and questionnaire measures. The sample studied is rare, and hence small, so conclusions cannot be drawn with certainty. Morphometric group differences were observed, but associations with previous behavioral assessment were generally weak. Some of the volumetric differences, particularly thinner cortex in part of the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, may be moderately involved in cognitive and behavioral difficulties more frequently experienced by opiate and poly-substance exposed children.

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“…4. Abnormal births that usually entail ICC show a marked increase in autism outcome [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have correlated autism with "difficult" or complicated births, most of which (using current obstetrical methods) implicate correlation with ICC -cesarean section, low birthweight, abnormal presentations, and low Apgar scores [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. The autism epidemic coincides with the ICC epidemic.…”

Section: The Autism Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review--Birth brain injury: etiology and prevention--Part II: The premature child and cesarean section deliveries

Morley¹

2005

Medical Veritas

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Hypoxia and hypovolemia produced by experimental birth asphyxia in primates can affect memory ability and development of the adult brain; in humans, hypovolemia produced by ICC and the resultant infant anemia is strongly correlated with behavioral and learning disorders in children, the degree of anemia being proportional to the degree of mental deficiency.Autism comprises a major portion of these disabilities and is epidemic. Autism occurs more frequently after complicated or difficult births that indicate the use of ICC. The clinical features of autism indicate lesions of the auditory, speech and language areas of the brain to be fundamental. Hypoxic-ischemic birth injury to the inferior colliculi (part of the auditory circuit) could account for the later development of autism.Mercury toxicity from vaccines as a cause of autism is controversial and is still under investigation; mercury accumulation in brain nuclei already damaged by hypoxia-ischemia (in the same manner that bilirubin accumulates in dead tissue but does not stain living tissue) may have led researchers to attribute the damage to an incidental finding and miss the real cause.There is considerable evidence that the autism epidemic will end when the current custom of clamping functioning umbilical cords ends.

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Asperger Syndrome: Familial and Pre- and Perinatal Factors

Abstract: About 50% of all boys with AS have a paternal family history of autism spectrum disorder. Pre- and perinatal risks appear to be important in about 25% of cases.

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

White Matter Characteristics and Cognition in Prenatally Opiate- and Polysubstance-Exposed Children: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

White Matter Characteristics and Cognition in Prenatally Opiate- and Polysubstance-Exposed Children: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Volumetric cerebral characteristics of children exposed to opiates and other substances in utero

Review--Birth brain injury: etiology and prevention--Part II: The premature child and cesarean section deliveries

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