Aspergillus Flavus and Turkey X Disease: Toxic Metabolites of Aspergillus flavus

Nesbitt, Brenda F.; O'Kelly, JC; Sargeant, K.; Sheridan, Ann

doi:10.1038/1951062a0

Cited by 216 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…pharmaceuticals; Demain 1999) and detrimental (e.g. mycotoxins; Nesbitt et al 1962) ways. Despite the wealth of knowledge on the manifold influences of SMs on humans, the function of these compounds in interaction with fungi's natural environment is still an unresolved problem (Sherratt et al 2005;Deacon 2006;Schiestl et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary chemicals protect mould from fungivory

et al. 2007

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The vast repertoire of toxic fungal secondary metabolites has long been assumed to have an evolved protective role against fungivory. It still remains elusive, however, whether fungi contain these compounds as an anti-predator adaptation. We demonstrate that loss of secondary metabolites in the soil mould Aspergillus nidulans causes, under the attack of the fungivorous springtail Folsomia candida, a disadvantage to the fungus. Springtails exhibited a distinct preference for feeding on a mutant deleted for LaeA, a global regulator of Aspergillus secondary metabolites. Consumption of the mutant yielded a reproductive advantage to the arthropod but detrimental effects on fungal biomass compared with a wild-type fungus capable of producing the entire arsenal of secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrate that fungal secondary metabolites shape food choice behaviour, can affect population dynamics of fungivores, and suggest that fungivores may provide a selective force favouring secondary metabolites synthesis in fungi.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary chemicals protect mould from fungivory

et al. 2007

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“…The lesions produced in both the early stages and the tumours were similar to those seen with other carcinogens. The main point of interest was the demonstration that aflatoxin is by far the most active hepatocareinogenic substance known.Of the main fractions of aflatoxin whose structures are known (Asao et al, 1963) aflatoxin B, is the most toxic to day-old ducklings (Nesbitt et al, 1962 Animals killed or dying were autopsied and the tissues fixed in 10 per cent formol saline or Helly's fluid. Paraffin sections prepared in the usual fashion were stained with Ehrlich's acid haematoxylin and eosin and in some cases with P.A.S., G61nbri's reticulin, Van Gieson, Feulgen and methyl green pyronin.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Of the main fractions of aflatoxin whose structures are known (Asao et al, 1963) aflatoxin B, is the most toxic to day-old ducklings (Nesbitt et al, 1962). Although the chronic effects of aflatoxin in rats are similar to those of other hepatotoxic agents this is not the case with the acute lesion produced by single doses of aflatoxin Bil A periportal lesion develops with slow recovery so tha-t after one month very obvious changes are stiR present in the liver.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Rats

Butler¹

1964

Br J Cancer

166

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THE long-term effects of feeding ground nut meal containing aflatoxin to rats have been described (Butler and Barnes, 1963). The lesions produced in both the early stages and the tumours were similar to those seen with other carcinogens. The main point of interest was the demonstration that aflatoxin is by far the most active hepatocareinogenic substance known.Of the main fractions of aflatoxin whose structures are known (Asao et al., 1963) aflatoxin B, is the most toxic to day-old ducklings (Nesbitt et al., 1962 Animals killed or dying were autopsied and the tissues fixed in 10 per cent formol saline or Helly's fluid. Paraffin sections prepared in the usual fashion were stained with Ehrlich's acid haematoxylin and eosin and in some cases with P.A.S., G61nbri's reticulin, Van Gieson, Feulgen and methyl green pyronin.Frozen sections were stained with Oil Red 0 for fat.The LD was estimated usino, the method of Weil (1952). In each dose range groups of 4 animals were used. RESULTS Estimation of LD50The LD50 of aflatoxin B, to rats is shown in Table 1. The rats were kept for 4 weeks and those animals dying within that period were included in the groups.

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“…In the meantime concentration and purification of the active toxic material proceeded at the Tropical Products Institute and the Central Veterinary Laboratory (Sargeant, Sheridan, O'Kelly and Carnaghan, 1961;Nesbitt, O'Kelly, Sargeant and Sheridan, 1962) and at the Unilever Research Laboratories (De Iongh, Beerthuis, Vles, Barrett and Ord, 1962). Two major and two or more minor toxic components were present-they were named Aflatoxins, after the mould, and distinguished on the basis of their blue or green fluorescence as aflatoxins B or G respectively, the main components of the crystalline toxin being named B1 and G1 (van der Zijden et al, 1962;Nesbitt et al, 1962;Asao et al, 1963).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two major and two or more minor toxic components were present-they were named Aflatoxins, after the mould, and distinguished on the basis of their blue or green fluorescence as aflatoxins B or G respectively, the main components of the crystalline toxin being named B1 and G1 (van der Zijden et al, 1962;Nesbitt et al, 1962;Asao et al, 1963). Aflatoxin B1, C17H1206, has the highest toxicity (LD50 for 51 g. day-old ducklings, 28 jag.…”

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confidence: 99%