ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN TWO TIBETAN YAK BULLS (BOS GRUNNIENS) AS A COMPLICATION OF KETAMINE-XYLAZINE-BUTORPHANOL ANESTHESIA FOR RECUMBENT CASTRATION.

Abstract

Among members of the genus Bos, aspiration pneumonia has been described in domestic cattle ( Bos taurus and Bos indicus). In these species, aspiration pneumonia is most commonly a sequelae to oral administration of fluids or medications, as well as aspiration during procedures under anesthesia. Management of aspiration pneumonia secondary to complications from anesthesia for short duration surgical procedures is minimally reported in the Tibetan yak ( Bos grunniens). Although regurgitation under anesthesia has been reported in the yak, there are no reports of aspiration pneumonia treatment. This case report describes the diagnosis and management of aspiration pneumonia in two Tibetan yaks undergoing castration under injectable ketamine-xylazine-butorphanol anesthesia. This case report also describes the gross and pathologic characteristics of anesthesia-induced aspiration pneumonia in one Tibetan yak, as well as successful treatment in another.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Levels of Pantoprazole in Neonatal Calves After Intravenous Administration

“…Although some cases of post pantoprazole administration anaphylaxis (22,23) and edema (24,25) have been reported in humans, these clinical signs were not observed in our population. While the aim of this study was not to evaluate the clinical safety of pantoprazole in calves, the lack of observed adverse effects correlate with previously reported pantoprazole use in ruminants for case management of cattle (4,26), camels (27), sheep (15,28), yaks (29), and goats (30,31). Adverse effects of pantoprazole administration described people include hyponatremia (32), hypomagnesemia (33), as well as nephritis and hepatotoxicity (34).…”

A Retrospective Clinical Investigation of the Safety and Adverse Effects of Pantoprazole in Hospitalized Ruminants

“…However, that study did not evaluate safety with respect to adverse findings of pantoprazole administration in humans. Case reports involving ruminant species demonstrate use of pantoprazole in goats (3,18), a sheep (19), a beef bull (6), a camel (4), and a yak (5) with no reported complications from administration. Our study provides clinically relevant data to guide veterinary practitioners for the use of pantoprazole in hospitalized ruminants.…”

“…In alpacas (2), pantoprazole has been shown to increase third-compartment pH when given at a dose of 1 mg/kg intravenously or 2 mg/kg subcutaneously with high bioavailability when administered subcutaneously. Currently, no pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, or safety studies for pantoprazole exist for cattle, sheep, or goats, although case reports of the use of pantoprazole in individual ruminant animals without observed adverse effects or toxicities do exist (3)(4)(5)(6).…”

Medical Management of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in a Beef Bull

“…In alpacas [16], pantoprazole has been shown to increase third compartment pH when given at a dose of 1 mg/kg intravenously or 2 mg/kg subcutaneously. Among other ruminant species there are cases reporting the use of pantoprazole in a goat and a yak [6, 17]. Reported complications associated with pantoprazole in people include hyponatremia in hospitalized patients as well as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia with long-term use [18, 19].…”

“…Abdominal ultrasound revealed dilated intestines (4–8 cm) with echoic material consistent with fibrin occasionally seen inside the lumen (Figure 1(c)). A brief thoracic ultrasound, performed as previously described [6], revealed comet tails in lung tissue, indicating pulmonary surface deficits of potential consolidations. A rumen fluid sample, obtained by passage of an orogastric tube, was dark yellow in color with a normal pH (6.5).…”