Assay of Sudan I Contamination of Foodstuff by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution

Abstract

Food safety represents one of the main issues of national and international agencies appointed to health control. In April 2003, a French agency disclosed that powdered or smashed hot chili pepper imported from India and Pakistan was heavily contaminated with a carcinogenic azo dye known as Sudan I. This paper deals with a modern approach for assaying the content of this colorant in foodstuff down to a limit of a few tens of parts per billion. The isotope dilution method combined with APCI tandem mass spectrometry was used. The internal standard, 1-(d5-phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol, was obtained by simple chemistry, and its structure was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric method is more sensitive than the HPLC approach by a factor of 20.

Quantitative Analysis of the Banned Food Dye Sudan-1 Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering with Multivariate Chemometrics

“…UV/vis, 9,10 HPLC fluorimetry, 11 flow injection chemiluminescence, 12 HPLC/APCI-MS/MS, 13,14 and HPLC/ESI-MS/MS. 15,16 In addition, a novel method for sample extraction has also been reported using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction, 17 and the use of a glass carbon electrode has also been applied for the detection of Sudan-1 in foodstuffs.…”

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Sudan dyes in chilli powder, ketchup and egg yolk

“…, and universally the use of Sudan I in foodstuffs is not permitted by food regulations (EC Regulation No 178/2002, Di Donna et al, 2004. Unfortunately, these dyes are still illegally used to intensify and maintain the colour of food products such as chilli, curry, and palm oil-containing foodstuffs.…”

“…The need for a method is also testified by the large number of papers concerning the development of extraction and detection methods for Sudan dyes in food (particularly, in chilli powder) which were published in 2007. The vast majority of analytical methods which have been described are based on HPLC with optical or mass spectrometric detection (Di Donna et al, 2004;Ma et al, 2006;Cornet et al, 2006;Mazzetti et al, 2004), however, some gas chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis methods have also been reported (Mejia et al, 2007;He et al, 2007). Generally, chromatographic methods are expensive and time-consuming, therefore other techniques for detecting Sudan dyes have been developed.…”

High‐throughput assay of rotenone in olive oil using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

“…MS/MS has been successfully applied in the identification and assay of nucleoside mixtures, 9 oleuropein in olive oil 10 and Sudan I in food matrices 11 by FIA. Rotenone (1), a natural polyphenolic compound, and two of its isoxazoline cycloadducts, such as 2 have been extensively studied by ESI-MS/MS.…”