Assembly of the Cutin Polyester: From Cells to Extracellular Cell Walls

Bakan, Bénédicte; Marion, Didier

doi:10.3390/plants6040057

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Plant cuticle is generally composed of a cutin matrix covered or/and embedded with layers of cuticular waxes, however considerable variation in cuticle composition exists between species, plant organs and developmental stages (Yeats and Rose, 2013 ). The typical cutin matrix is represented by hydroxy and/or epoxy C16/C18 fatty acids cross-linked by ester bonds into an elastic polyester structure (Fich et al, 2016 ; Bakan and Marion, 2017 ). The waxes consist of a combination of various aliphatic molecules, such as very long fatty acids (with a chain length of C20-C24), primary alcohols (C22-C40), alkanes (C21-C35), aldehydes (C24-C36), ketones (C21-C35), and diketones (C22-C36).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle

Borisjuk

Peterson

et al. 2018

Front. Chem.

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The plant cuticle, which consists of cutin and waxes, forms a hydrophobic coating covering the aerial surfaces of all plants. It acts as an interface between plants and their surrounding environment whilst also protecting them against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we have investigated the biodiversity and cuticle properties of aquatic plant duckweed, using samples isolated from four different locations around Hongze lake in Jiangsu province, China. The samples were genotyped using two chloroplast markers and nuclear ribosomal DNA markers, which revealed them as ecotypes of the larger duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. Duckweed cuticle properties were investigated by compositional analysis using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and ultrastructural observation by cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM). Cuticle compositional analysis indicated that fatty acids and primary alcohols, the two typical constituents found in many land plant cuticle, are the major duckweed wax components. A large portion of the duckweed wax fraction is composed of phytosterols, represented by campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and their common precursor squalene. The cryo-SEM observation uncovered significant differences between the surface structures of the top air-facing and bottom water-facing sides of the plant fronds. The top side of the fronds, containing multiple stomata complexes, appeared to be represented by a rather flat waxy film sporadically covered with wax crystals. Underneath the waxy film was detected a barely distinguished nanoridge net, which became distinctly noticeable after chloroform treatment. On the bottom side of the fronds, the large epidermal cells were covered by the well-structured net, whose sections became narrower and sharper under cryo-SEM following chloroform treatment. These structural differences between the abaxial and adaxial sides of the fronds evidently relate to their distinct physiological roles in interacting with the contrasting environments of sunlight/air and nutrients/water. The unique structural and biochemical features of Spirodela frond surfaces with their rapid reproductive cycle and readily availability genome sequence, make duckweed an attractive monocot model for studying the fundamental processes related to plant protection against ultraviolet irradiation, pathogens and other environmental stresses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle

Borisjuk

Peterson

et al. 2018

Front. Chem.

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“…This was the case with the GDSL lipases/esterases being highly numerous at 150 GDD. These proteins are members of a large family that display numerous functions, such as cutin synthase, cutin hydrolase, deacetylation of polysaccharides, polysaccharide hydrolysis, fucosidase, and esterification of secondary metabolites [54]. They certainly collaborate to implement the cuticle during grain development, including the association of cutin with polysaccharides and the rearrangement of cutin and polysaccharides [54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These proteins are members of a large family that display numerous functions, such as cutin synthase, cutin hydrolase, deacetylation of polysaccharides, polysaccharide hydrolysis, fucosidase, and esterification of secondary metabolites [54]. They certainly collaborate to implement the cuticle during grain development, including the association of cutin with polysaccharides and the rearrangement of cutin and polysaccharides [54]. In wheat, cuticles were observed early during grain development [14], which is consistent with the presence of GDSL lipases/esterases at 150 GDD in outer layers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Wall Proteome of Wheat Grain Endosperm and Outer Layers at Two Key Stages of Early Development

Cherkaoui

Lollier

Geairon

et al. 2019

IJMS

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The cell wall is an important compartment in grain cells that fulfills both structural and functional roles. It has a dynamic structure that is constantly modified during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Non-structural cell wall proteins (CWPs) are key players in the remodeling of the cell wall during events that punctuate the plant life. Here, a subcellular and quantitative proteomic approach was carried out to identify CWPs possibly involved in changes in cell wall metabolism at two key stages of wheat grain development: the end of the cellularization step and the beginning of storage accumulation. Endosperm and outer layers of wheat grain were analyzed separately as they have different origins (maternal and seed) and functions in grains. Altogether, 734 proteins with predicted signal peptides were identified (CWPs). Functional annotation of CWPs pointed out a large number of proteins potentially involved in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling. In the grain outer layers, numerous proteins involved in cutin formation or lignin polymerization were found, while an unexpected abundance of proteins annotated as plant invertase/pectin methyl esterase inhibitors were identified in the endosperm. In addition, numerous CWPs were accumulating in the endosperm at the grain filling stage, thus revealing strong metabolic activities in the cell wall during endosperm cell differentiation, while protein accumulation was more intense at the earlier stage of development in outer layers. Altogether, our work gives important information on cell wall metabolism during early grain development in both parts of the grain, namely the endosperm and outer layers. The wheat cell wall proteome is the largest cell wall proteome of a monocot species found so far.

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“…Among them, four up-regulated DEGs, which were validated using qRT-PCR, were functionally categorized into cutin synthase-encoding genes, including LOC100800835 (GDSL esterase/lipase At4g28780), LOC100791595 (GDSL esterase/lipase At4g28780-like), LOC100780781 (GDSL esterase/lipase At5g33370), and 1 3 LOC100819292 (GDSL esterase/lipase LTL1). Several studies have shown these to encode GDSL family proteins and to localize to the developing cuticle, affecting cutin deposition (Girard et al 2012;Yeats et al 2012;Bakan and Marion 2017;Hong et al 2017). Two other up-regulated DEGs, LOC100812614 and LOC100819691, were annotated as GDSL esterase/lipase At5g45950-like, which confirmed the increase in the expression of beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean stems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Comparative transcriptome profiling of different tissues from beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean and its non-transgenic counterpart

Yang

Woo

Shin

et al. 2019

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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Beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybeans, harboring genes encoding phytoene synthase and carotene desaturase under the control of a seed-specific promoter, were developed to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in populations, the diet of which was deficient in this vitamin. However, metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways often has unintended effects, leading to major metabolic changes in plants that harbor endogenous beta-carotene biosynthesis pathways. In the present study, we performed transcriptome profiling analysis using RNA-seq to investigate the changes in the transcriptome and some unintended pleiotropic effects on the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean lines, and compared them to those of their non-transgenic counterpart donor variety Kwangan. We observed that transgenic soybeans showed significant changes in secondary metabolic biosynthesis in leaves and down-regulated galactose metabolism in roots. Differentially expressed genes in the transgenic group, which were significantly up-regulated, included those encoding glycine-aspartic acid-serine-leucine-motif esterase/lipase, known as cutin synthase and cutinase. These results suggested enhanced beta-carotene biosynthesis may affect related enzymes to carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Hence, we speculated that upregulation of cutin polymerization resulted in thickened seed coat and delayed seed germination of transgenic soybeans. Furthermore, downregulation of raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis may cause redundancy of myo-inositol, a substrate of phytin formation. This could lead to phytic globoids accumulation in transgenic soybean seeds. The present imformation would be important for transgenic plant development via carotenoid metabolic engineering, with focus on beta-carotene overproduction. Key message Gene expression changes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, cutin metabolism, and raffinose-family oligosaccharide biosynthesis in leaf, stem, and root, and phytin globoid accumulation in seeds, occurred in beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybeans.

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Assembly of the Cutin Polyester: From Cells to Extracellular Cell Walls

Cited by 41 publications

References 71 publications

Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle

Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle

Cell Wall Proteome of Wheat Grain Endosperm and Outer Layers at Two Key Stages of Early Development

Comparative transcriptome profiling of different tissues from beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean and its non-transgenic counterpart

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