Assembly processes of moss and lichen community with snow melting at the coastal region of the Barton Peninsula, maritime Antarctic

Abstract

Background: In this article, it was analyzed how snow melting affects the assembly of lichen and moss communities in a small area of the coastal region of Barton Peninsula, which is in maritime Antarctic. In the small area, even though there is a huge gap of difference of the environment between the snow-filled area and snow-melt one, the latter did not have distinctive environmental gradients. Results: Depending on the snow melting time, coverage and species diversity of lichens and mosses tend to increase remarkably. For species with significant changes depending on the snow-covered period, there are Andreaea regularis, crustose lichens, Placopsis contortuplicata, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and snow algae. In this area, the process of vegetation assembly process has shown the directional development in the order of snow algae→crustose, lichen sub-formation→fruticose lichen, moss cushion sub-formation (Andreaea sociation)→fruticose lichen, and moss cushion sub-formation (Usnea sociation), according to the order of snow melting. These directional development stages are shown in gradual change in small area with the snow melting phenomena. However, in the snow-free area, where water is sufficiently supplied, it is expected that moss carpet sub-formation (Sanionia sociation) will be developed. Vegetation development in the small area with the snow melting phenomena, depending on differences of resistance on snow kill and moisture settled by species in according to the time of snow melting, tolerance model to form community is followed. Conclusions: The research results explain the development of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra and its spatial distribution according to the period for growth of lichens and mosses in the summer time by differences of snow melting in the small area. In the future, if research for the community development process in a large scale will be done, it will be helpful to figure out temporal and spatial dynamic of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra where snow and glaciers melt rapidly due to climatic warming.

Temperature sensitivity of Antarctic soil‐humic substance degradation by cold‐adapted bacteria

“…This region has undergone rapid warming over the past several decades (Turner et al ., 2019). Recent studies in the Antarctic have reported altered sexual reproduction and spatial distribution patterns of moss and lichen communities (Casanova‐Katny et al ., 2016; Kim et al ., 2016) and expansion of Antarctic hair grass populations (Hill et al ., 2011). Temperature is one of the most important factors controlling soil microbial community activity; therefore, rising temperatures may have already altered microbial responses such as growth rate and degradative activity.…”

Diversity and Physiological Characteristics of Antarctic Lichens-Associated Bacteria

“…The Barton Peninsula is a cold moist maritime Antarctic region, which is characterized by annual average temperature ranges of −1.8~1.6 °C, an annual average relative humidity of 89%, and an annual precipitation rate of 437.6 mm [ 48 ]. Sixty-eight lichen species and 32 moss species with two vascular plants of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis have been reported in this area [ 49 ]. A chisel was used to obtain the samples, and they were transported to the laboratory in Korea at −20 °C, where they were preserved at −20 °C until use.…”