“…Eight main system components are used to describe the corresponding seven assembly systems, including level of automation, axial press, twist press, CNC three-axis milling machine (if surface finish is needed), conveyor, screw driver, feeder, and placer. The detailed data of assembly systems and the selected product variants can be found in the literature (ElMaraghy and Kashkoush, 2015). Data are encoded in binary format acceptable by CGSA-ARM.…”