“…When peers engage in distracting behaviors, students report sub-optimal outcomes including feeling distracted or becoming angry at peers (Galanes & Carmack, 2013). Myers et al (2015) found that these anti-citizenship behaviors were negatively related to affective learning, perceived cognitive learning, state motivation, and communication satisfaction. Further, distracting behaviors disrupt the learning environment and may be initiated by or negatively impact both students and instructors (Hirschy & Braxton, 2004;Seidman, 2005).…”