“…As suggested by the O-P framework, students might be more likely to participate in ICTPAAI when conditions for ICT propensity and opportunity are met (Byrnes & Miller, 2007;Byrnes & Wasik, 2009). Specifically, when students have strong ICT interest (the preference for ICTrelated activities or topics; Goldhammer, Gniewosz, & Zylka, 2016), ICT self-efficacy (the self-perceived ICT competence ;Goldhammer et al, 2016) and ICT autonomy (the perception of independency in ICT activities; Deci & Ryan, 2012;Goldhammer et al, 2016), they are more likely to participate in ICT-related activities. Empirical studies show that educational ICT use is positively related to ICT interest (Areepattamannil & Khine, 2017;Scherer, Rohatgi, & Hatlevik, 2017) and ICT self-efficacy (Areepattamannil & Khine, 2017;Tømte & Hatlevik, 2011).…”