The level of coordination between cultural, ecological, and economic systems directly affects the sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin (YRB). However, researchers have neglected the importance of cultural elements in the social-ecological system and have paid insufficient attention to the interaction of cultural, ecological, and economic systems in the YRB. Therefore, a framework of coupled cultural-ecological-economic (CEE) systems was constructed based on service-dominant logic, and the spatiotemporal distribution, evolutionary trends, and factors influencing the coupled coordination of different systems in 76 major cities in the YRB were analyzed by using an entropy-weighted TOPSIS model, coupled coordination model, spatial Markov chain, and panel spatial Dubin model. The results were as follows: (1) the cultural, ecological, and economic systems of the YRB showed a growing trend, the economic system grew faster than the cultural system and the ecosystem, and the ecosystems dominated sustainable development in the YRB. (2) From 2011 to 2022, the type of coupled CEE system coordination in the YRB was mainly in a state of slight incongruity, with the different regions showing temporal consistency and synchronized growth, with the upstream area mainly in a state of moderate incongruity, the midstream area mainly in a state of slight incongruity, and the downstream area concentrating in general coordination. (3) The spatial coordination level of CEE system coupling in the YRB showed the characteristic of “gradually converging to coordination from upstream to downstream” and exhibited upstream low-value agglomeration and downstream high-value agglomeration. Meanwhile, there was a clear trend of spatial spillover in terms of balanced regional development, and 67.11% of the cities in the region and neighboring areas maintained stable development. (4) Tourism development (TD), foreign trade (FT), the human environment (HE), government control (GC), and other factors significantly positively impacted the sustainable development in the YRB. In the future, the focus should be on improving the transregional infrastructure and transportation service systems in the YRB, to enhance cooperation and exchanges between different regions. This research provides new insights and methods for the coordinated development of cultural, ecological, and economic systems at a watershed scale.
