Assessing Energy Budget of Laboratory Fault Slip Using Rotary Shear Experiments and Micro‐Computed Tomography

Zhao, Qi; Glaser, Steven D.; Tisato, Nicola; Grasselli, Giovanni

doi:10.1029/2019gl084787

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This strain energy was consumed in the formation of off-fault damage, and the energy dissipated in frictional slip decreased relative to the smooth fault experiment. A low amount of energy dissipated by off-fault damage was also identified in a series of in situ rotary shear X-ray microtomography experiments performed on cement mortar (Zhao et al, 2020). This study imaged the development of off-fault damage and found that the fracture energy produced by this damage was less than 0.3% of the total energy budget, in agreement with experiments where a fault propagated subcritically and created damage at its tip (Aben et al, 2019).…”

Section: Damage Development and Secondary Faultingsupporting

confidence: 75%

Competition between slow slip and damage on and off faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments

2020

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Section: Damage Development and Secondary Faultingsupporting

confidence: 75%

Competition between slow slip and damage on and off faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments

2020

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“…We chose this segmentation workflow, rather than more elaborate procedures, such as Hessian filter (Voorn et al, 2013) or machine learning (e.g., Andrew, 2018; Zhao et al, 2020), because it is well established and contains only one parameter (the grayscale threshold). Several studies have estimated the effect of using different segmentation techniques on the variability of the segmented porosity or fracture surface area (e.g., Voorn et al, 2013; Zhao et al, 2020) and found that these techniques could estimate that the difference in the segmented fracture surface area between different techniques could be up to 20% (e.g., Figure 4 in Zhao et al, 2020). In most studies, the segmented fracture surface area or porosity cannot be compared with a ground‐truth value, so it is not possible to provide an actual error of the porosity for a given segmentation procedure, but only a variability of possible values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Zhao et al, 2020). In most studies, the segmented fracture surface area or porosity cannot be compared with a ground-truth value, so it is not possible to provide an actual error of the porosity for a given segmentation procedure, but only a variability of possible values.…”

Section: 1029/2020jb020354mentioning

confidence: 99%

Creep Burst Coincident With Faulting in Marble Observed in 4‐D Synchrotron X‐Ray Imaging Triaxial Compression Experiments

et al. 2020

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Faults in carbonate rocks show both seismic and aseismic deformation processes, leading to a wide range of slip velocities. We deformed two centimeter-scale cores of Carrara marble at 25°C and imaged the nucleation and growth of faults using dynamic synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The first sample experienced a constant confinement of 30 MPa and no pore fluid. The second sample experienced confinement in the range 35-23 MPa and water as a pore fluid at 10 MPa pore pressure. We increased the axial stress by steps until creep deformation occurred and imaged deformation in 4-D. The samples deformed with a quasi-constant or increasing strain rate when the differential stress was constant, a process called creep. However, for both samples, we also observed transient events that include the acceleration of creep, that is, creep bursts, phenomena similar to slow slip events that occur in continental active faults. During these transient creep events, strain rates increase and correlate in time with strain localization and the slow development of system-spanning fault networks. In both samples, the acceleration of opening and shearing of microfractures accommodated creep bursts. High-resolution time-lapse X-ray microtomography imaging and digital image correlation during triaxial deformation quantify creep in laboratory faults at subgrain spatial resolution. This work demonstrates that transient creep events, that is, creep bursts or slow slip events, correlate with the nucleation and slow growth of faults and not only with slip on preexisting faults. Plain Language Summary Active faults may slip at velocities close to 1 m/s during earthquakes and may also slip at much slower rates, in creep. Sometimes such creep is continuous in time; sometimes it is transient and occurs as creep bursts, also called slow slip events. Using state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray imaging of core samples of Carrara marble deformed under constant stress conditions and room temperature, we identified such creep bursts. Our 4-D imaging technique allows seeing through the sample and characterizing the microphysical processes that produce creep bursts. Results show that the acceleration of microfractures nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the sample may lead to the formation of system-spanning faults that coincide in time with the macroscopically observed creep burst. These results demonstrate that creep bursts may not only correspond to slow slip events on active preexisting faults but may also indicate the slow development of new active faults.

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“…The dynamics of earthquakes are primarily controlled by the balance between the available elastic strain energy (in the surrounding medium), the energy consumption for advancing the rupture front, the necessary work against the frictional resistance, and the release of seismic energy (waves) from the source (Cooke & Murphy, 2004). A large body of research has been carried out to constrain the energy budget of earthquakes (Chester et al., 2005; Cooke & Murphy, 2004; McGarr, 1999; Nielsen, Spagnuolo, Smith, et al., 2016; H. Noda et al., 2013; Ohnaka, 2003; Okubo et al., 2019; Passelègue et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2020). Most of them focus on breakdown energy, because it can better represent fault properties compared with specific aspects of the weakening process (Nielsen, Spagnuolo, Smith, et al., 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Insight Into Energy Partitioning During Stick‐Slip Events Based on the Framework of Rate‐and‐State Friction Law

Bai

Konietzky

2022

Geophysical Research Letters

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Many attempts have been made to investigate the energy budgets of stick‐slip events, however, the strain energy contribution is still poorly understood. We developed a discrete element method (DEM)‐based method to mimic stick‐slip events and the associated energy partitioning. We found that stress drop Δσ, breakdown energy EG, and strain energy release ΔU scale with slip δc as normalΔσ0.25em∝δc1.1 ${\Delta}\sigma \,\propto {\delta }_{c}^{1.1}$, EG∝δc2.05 ${E}_{G}\propto {\delta }_{c}^{2.05}$, and normalΔU∝δc2.1 ${\Delta}U\propto {\delta }_{c}^{2.1}$, respectively, which is quantitatively consistent with data from manmade seismicity and natural earthquakes. We observed two different slip‐weakening behavior patterns: one without a postseismic phase (Type I) and one containing a postseismic phase (Type II). We show that ΔU contributes 20%∼90% (63% on average) and 10% ∼ 60% (38% on average) to the total energy budget for Type I and Type II events, respectively. Formations that store higher strain energy play a more vital role in the earthquake energy budget, regardless of the distance to the fault.

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Assessing Energy Budget of Laboratory Fault Slip Using Rotary Shear Experiments and Micro‐Computed Tomography

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Competition between slow slip and damage on and off faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments

Competition between slow slip and damage on and off faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments

Creep Burst Coincident With Faulting in Marble Observed in 4‐D Synchrotron X‐Ray Imaging Triaxial Compression Experiments

Numerical Insight Into Energy Partitioning During Stick‐Slip Events Based on the Framework of Rate‐and‐State Friction Law

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