Assessing Exposure to Violence Using Multiple Informants: Application of Hierarchical Linear Model

Kuo, Meichun; Mohler, Beat; Raudenbush, Stephen L.; Earls, Felton J.

doi:10.1017/s0021963099006484

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous research on exposure to violence in which parents report their children having lower levels of exposure compared to children’s self-reported exposure (Goodman, De Los Reyes, & Bradshaw, 2010; Kuo, Mohler, Raudenbush, & Earls, 2000), and with teachers having perceptions of lower levels of student victimization compared to students’ perceptions (e.g., Stockdale et al, 2002; Wienke Totura et al, 2009). Stockdale and colleagues (2002) also reported no differences between parents and teachers on the extent of bullying, whereas our study found that parents perceived schools as being slightly safer compared to school staff.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

School climate: perceptual differences between students, parents, and school staff

Ramsey

Spira

Parisi

et al. 2016

School Effectiveness and School Improvement

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Research suggests that school climate can have a great impact on student, teacher, and school outcomes. However, it is often assessed as a summary measure, without taking into account multiple perspectives (student, teacher, parent) or examining subdimensions within the broader construct. In this study, we assessed school climate from the perspective of students, staff, and parents within a large, urban school district using multilevel modeling techniques to examine within- and between-school variance. After adjusting for school-level demographic characteristics, students reported worse perceptions of safety and connectedness compared to both parent and staff ratings (all p < 0.05). Parents gave the lowest ratings of parental involvement, and staff gave the lowest ratings of academic emphasis (ps < 0.05). Findings demonstrate the importance of considering the type of informant when evaluating climate ratings within a school. Understanding how perceptions differ between informants can inform interventions to improve perceptions and prevent adverse outcomes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

School climate: perceptual differences between students, parents, and school staff

Ramsey

Spira

Parisi

et al. 2016

School Effectiveness and School Improvement

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“…Blending parent reports of exposure for younger children and self-reports for older children is not optimal, although reporter (child or parent) appeared not to matter in our data. 4 Future studies should utilize multiple converging sources of information on children’s experiences, especially given findings suggesting that parents and children can differ in systematic ways in their reports of children’s exposure (Kuo, Mohler, Raudenbush, & Earls, 2000). Another measurement-related limitation arises from the uneven number of items used in the scales measuring exposure to violence, and the fact that in two cases—children’s self-report of severe physical aggression and exposure to inter-ethnic community violence—internal consistency reliability was somewhat low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Mediated Exposure to Ethnic-Political Violence on Middle East Youth’s Subsequent Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Aggressive Behavior

Dvir-Gvirsman

Huesmann

Dubow

et al. 2013

Communication Research

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This study introduces the concept of chronic (i.e., repeated and cumulative) mediated exposure to political violence and investigates its effects on aggressive behavior and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in young viewers. Embracing the risk-matrix approach, these effects are studied alongside other childhood risk factors that influence maladjustment. A longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of youth who experience the Israeli-Palestinian conflict firsthand (N = 1,207). As hypothesized, higher levels of chronic mediated exposure were longitudinally related to higher levels of PTS symptoms and aggression at peers independently of exposure to violence in other contexts. In the case of aggressive behavior, structural equation analysis (SEM) analyses suggest that, while it is likely there are causal effects in both directions, the bigger effect is probably for exposure to violence stimulating aggression than for aggression stimulating exposure to violence. Both the longitudinal effects on aggression and PTS symptoms were especially strong among youth who demonstrated initially higher levels of the same type of maladjustment. These results support the conceptualization of the relation between media violence and behaviors as “reciprocally determined” or “downward spirals” and highlight the contribution of the risk-matrix approach to the analysis of childhood maladjustment.

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“…The My Exposure to Violence scale (MyETV; Kindlon, Wright, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1996; Kuo, Mohler, Raudenbush, & Earls, 2000; Selner et al, 1998), which is a modified version of the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence (Richters & Martinez, 1993), was administered to youth at wave 1. Using data from this measure, we created a single binary measure of exposure to life threatening violence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective efficacy and the contingent consequences of exposure to life-threatening violence.

Browning

Gardner

Maimon

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychology

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Neighborhood research has increasingly emphasized the potential for contextual characteristics to moderate the effects of youths’ experiences on their outcomes. Drawing on collective efficacy theory, we examine the variable consequences of youths’ exposures to life threatening violence across neighborhoods. We argue that strong community normative orientations supporting the control of violence diminish the negative effect of exposure to severe violence on subsequent mental health among urban youth. We also consider the extent to which the consequences of exposure to violence vary by gender. Employing data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we estimate a series of multivariate, multilevel linear models of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results indicate that, for girls, exposure to life threatening violence (witnessing someone being attacked with a weapon or shot) increases both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, this effect achieves statistical significance only for girls who reside in lower collective efficacy neighborhoods. For boys, our analyses offered weaker evidence of violence exposure effects on mental health. Implications for research on the social context of mental health are discussed.

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Assessing Exposure to Violence Using Multiple Informants: Application of Hierarchical Linear Model

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

School climate: perceptual differences between students, parents, and school staff

School climate: perceptual differences between students, parents, and school staff

The Effects of Mediated Exposure to Ethnic-Political Violence on Middle East Youth’s Subsequent Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Aggressive Behavior

Collective efficacy and the contingent consequences of exposure to life-threatening violence.

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