Assessing Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Theory after Two Decades

Godbey, Geoffrey; Crawford, Duane W.; Shen, Xiangyou Sharon

doi:10.1080/00222216.2010.11950197

Cited by 286 publications

(259 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…A useful framework to study subjective constraints affecting sports participation is the Too busy or too far away?hierarchical leisure constraints theory (Crawford & Godbey, 1987;Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey, 1991;Godbey et al, 2010). According to this theory, the decisions to undertake leisure activitiesincluding sports participation-are influenced by three types of constraints: intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints.…”

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These constraints are experienced in a sequential hierarchical order. Intrapersonal constraints are the most powerful or proximal, whereas structural constraints are the least powerful or distal (Crawford et al, 1991;Crawford & Godbey, 1987;Godbey et al, 2010). Intrapersonal constraints refer to individual physical or psychological constraints such as fatigue, health problems, self-confidence, stress or anxiety and to constraints regarding lack of skills or knowledge for sports participation.…”

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structural constraints thus refer to the perception of objective external issues such as travel time, availability of sports activities and time. Godbey et al (2010) state that if intrapersonal constraints are not overcome, the desire or preference for a sports activity might not even come into being or will disappear or diminish. In turn, a higher demand to participate will increase structural constraints.…”

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, a higher demand to participate will increase structural constraints. The importance of constraint factors, however, varies depending on individual characteristics and context (Godbey et al, 2010). Furthermore, Jackson, Crawford, and Godbey (1993) suggest that leisure behaviour depends on the successful negotiation of constraints.…”

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…lack of social support) or structural (e.g. lack of appropriate accommodation) (Godbey, Crawford, & Shen, 2010). Those subjective constraints to sports participation have been found to play a significant negative role on sports participation and sports frequency (Alexandris & Carroll, 1997a;Casey et al, 2016;Downward, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Too busy or too far away? The importance of subjective constraints and spatial factors for sports frequency

Deelen

Ettema

Dijst

2016

Managing Sport and Leisure

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Previous studies on the association between the availability of sports facilities and sports participation have neglected the influence of subjective constraints that individuals experience with regard to sports participation. This paper investigates to what extent constraints experienced by sports participants are associated with their spatial circumstances and whether these subjective constraints or objective spatial circumstances have a greater impact on sports frequency. Based on a survey among 776 adults in urban and rural municipalities in the Netherlands, regression analyses revealed that constraints were related to neighbourhood liveability and distance to indoor sports facilities and swimming pools. Time constraints had a strong negative effect on sports frequency, but the effect of distance to indoor facilities and swimming pools was even more important. Our results furthermore indicate a growing need for flexibility in the spatiotemporal organization of sports activities and an increased importance of the public space for sports participation.

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Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjective Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Too busy or too far away? The importance of subjective constraints and spatial factors for sports frequency

Deelen

Ettema

Dijst

2016

Managing Sport and Leisure

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To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID‐19

Aziz

Long

2021

J of Consumer Behaviour

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The tourism and hospitality industry has been deeply disrupted by the COVID‐19 pandemic since its inception in December 2019. Many tourists are too anxious to travel. Thus, understanding how travel constraints and perceived travel risk influence travel intention is crucial for many destinations in their post‐crisis recovery. Drawing upon 357 Malaysian respondents, this study finds that structural constraints initiate tourists' negotiation process for travel decisions, which is inconsistent with the original Leisure Constraints Model. Nevertheless, it is reaffirmed that intrapersonal constraints remain the centrality of the negotiation process as they mediate the relationship between structural constraints, perceived travel risk and travel intention. These findings provide some theoretical contributions with regard to the Leisure Constraints Model and perceived travel risk in the context of the COVID‐19. Based on the theoretical contributions, this study also sheds light on tourism revival from a practical perspective. Tourism authorities, destination marketing organizations, and business operators are suggested to take measures to restore tourists' confidence toward travel by reducing structural constraints and mitigating tourists' risk perception in a cooperative manner.

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Migrant identity and subsequent travel behaviour

Yankholmes

McKercher

2020

Journal of Tourism Research

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This study assesses whether changes in migrants' identity predict changes in their travel behaviour. Data were collected from Western professional migrants in Hong Kong and Macau using open‐ended self‐completed survey questions. Results derived from content analysis indicate that long‐term migrants benefit from greater accessibility to many regional destinations, home‐return trips, and lower fares while temporary migrants and those on contracts felt constrained to pursue pleasure travel. Factors explaining tourism‐oriented motives to move comprise convenient hub, rite of passage, continuation of identity, and career maintenance. Many reasons are also found to account for changes in travel frequency and destination choice over time. These findings can shape marketing actions for destinations in the region as well as provide a platform for future theoretical and empirical research on the relationship between tourism and migration.

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Assessing Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Theory after Two Decades

Cited by 286 publications

References 58 publications

Too busy or too far away? The importance of subjective constraints and spatial factors for sports frequency

Too busy or too far away? The importance of subjective constraints and spatial factors for sports frequency

To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID‐19

Migrant identity and subsequent travel behaviour

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