Assessing Minimum Amounts and Form of Roughages in Ruminant Diets: Roughage Value Index System

Sudweeks, E. M.; Ely, L.O.; Mertens, D.R.; Sisk, L.R.

doi:10.2527/jas1981.5351406x

Cited by 153 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Trials in agricultural science results indicated that legumes are less costly to diminish in particle size than grasses when tested mechanically (Paul and Mika 1981;unpublished data in Wilson and Kennedy 1996;Henry et al 1997;Wilman et al 1997) or in vivo by the mastication action of domestic ruminants (Moseley and Jones 1984;Waghorn et al 1989;Wilman et al 1997). This is also reflected in the longer time spent ruminating (per unit of forage intake) for grass as compared with legumes in domestic ruminants (Sudweeks et al 1981;Wilman et al 1997;data in Coleman et al 2003). If a closer similarity is assumed between leguminous forages fed to domestic ruminants on the one, and browse material ingested by free-ranging, browsing ruminants on the other hand (as opposed to grass forage), then these reports support the general concept of grazers needing a particularly strong masticatory apparatus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Higher masseter muscle mass in grazing than in browsing ruminants

Clauß

Hofmann²,

Streich

et al. 2008

Oecologia

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(2008Using cranioskeletal measurements, several studies generated evidence that grazing ruminants have a more pronounced mastication apparatus than browsing ruminants -in terms of muscle insertion areas and protuberances, with the resulting hypothesis that grazers should have larger, heavier chewing muscles than browsers. However, the only investigation so far [Axmacher and Hofmann 1988] did not find differences between ruminant feeding types in the masseter muscle mass of 22 species. Here, we expand the dataset to 48 ruminant species.Regardless of phylogenetic control in the statistical treatment, there was a significant positive correlation of body mass and masseter mass, and also a significant association between %grass in the natural diet and masseter mass. The results support the concept that ruminant species that ingest more grass have relatively larger masseter muscles, possibly indicating an increased requirement to overcome the resistance of grass forage. The comparative chewing resistance of different forage classes may represent a rewarding field of ecophysiologic research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Higher masseter muscle mass in grazing than in browsing ruminants

Clauß

Hofmann²,

Streich

et al. 2008

Oecologia

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“…TSAI et al (1967) relataram que baixo nível de fibra na ração reduz o estresse pelo calor e aumenta a produção de leite de vacas mantidas sob altas temperaturas. Contudo, de acordo com SUDWEEKS (1981), o teor de fibra na ração é importante e necessário para manter balanço adequado da fermentação ruminal e prevenir queda no teor de gordura do leite e diminuição no pH ruminal. A menor ingestão de alimentos pelas cabras estressadas e não-estressadas traduziu-se em decréscimo do consumo de proteína bruta na ração, cuja estimativa foi de 0,219 e 0,224 kg/dia, respectivamente.…”

Section: Packed Cell Volume (%)unclassified

Efeitos do estresse térmico sobre a produção, composição química do leite e respostas termorreguladoras de cabras da raça alpina

et al. 2000

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RESUMO -Seis cabras da raça Alpina, com produção média de leite de 2,5 kg/dia, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de três e submetidas à termoneutralidade ou estresse térmico por 56 dias em câmara climática. Usou-se um delineamento estatístico "crossover". A temperatura média do ar diurna, incluindo radiação solar simulada, foi de 33,84 o C. Os animais estressados aumentaram a freqüência respiratória, o volume-minuto respiratório, a termólise-evaporativa respiratória, temperatura retal e a taxa de sudorese, enquanto o volume corrente respiratório e o volume globular diminuíram. Houve também perda de peso, redução da ingestão de alimentos e duplicação do consumo de água. A produção de leite e a porcentagem de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais diminuíram. Os teores de cloretos, cálcio e fósforo não sofreram alteração. Concluiu-se que, para manter a homeotermia, as cabras mobilizaram o sistema respiratório e sudoríparo para perder calor. A alta temperatura ambiente efetiva reduziu a produção e os teores de alguns componentes do leite.Palavras-chave: cabras, composição química, estresse térmico, produção de leite Thermal Stress Effects on Milk Yield and Chemical Composition and Thermoregulatory Responses of Lactating Alpines GoatsABSTRACT -Six Alpine goats with an average milk yield of 2.5 kg/day were randomly assigned to two groups of three and allotted to thermoneutral or heat stress conditions, for 56 days in climate chamber room. A crossover experimental design was used. The goats under heat stress were exposed to a diurnal average air temperature plus simulated solar radiation of 33. 84 o C. The heat-stressed goats showed elevated respiratory frequency, respiratory minute volume, respiratory evaporation, rectal temperature and sweating rate, while the tidal volume and packed cell volume decreased. Further weight loss, decreased feed intake, and their water consumption doubled. The milk yield, the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solid contents decreased. The contents of chloride, calcium and phosphorus did not change. The goats mobilized the respiratory and sweating systems to lose heat to maintain homeothermy. The association between high air temperature and simulated solar radiation reduced the milk yield and the content of some milk components. IntroduçãoDo ponto de vista bioclimático, apesar de os caprinos serem considerados animais rústicos, a associação entre elevadas temperaturas e altas umidades do ar e radiação pode acarretar alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas, como aumento da temperatura da pele, elevação da temperatura retal, aumento da freqüência respiratória, diminuição da ingestão de alimentos e redução do nível de produção (LU, 1989).Embora a cabra leiteira seja importante fonte produtora de proteínas e minerais para o consumo humano, tem havido limitado esforço para descrever os efeitos do estresse térmico sobre sua produtividade.BIANCA e KUNZ (1978) mostraram que cabras leiteiras, em condições estressantes (40,0 o C e 30% UR) tiveram a temperatura re...

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“…Forages were often substituted by grains such as wheat or maize in order to increase both feed and energy intake. The high inclusion of feedstuffs high in non-structural carbohydrates decreases the content of fibre fractions in the diet and results in the risk of disorders like rumen acidosis following reduced chewing activity and saliva secretion as well as depression of fibre digestion and milk fat percentage (Sudweeks et al, 1981). Ensilaged maize products play an important role in the feeding of high-yielding dairy cows in Europe because they are high in energy content and its starch is relatively slowly fermented in the rumen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pressed beet pulp silage inclusion in maize-based rations on performance of high-yielding dairy cows and parameters of rumen fermentation

Boguhn

Kluth

Bulang

et al. 2010

Animal

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Beet pulp contains high amounts of pectins that can reduce the risk of rumen disorders compared to using feedstuffs high in starch. The objective was to study the effects of inclusion of ensiled pressed beet pulp in total mixed rations (TMR) for highyielding dairy cows. Two TMR containing no or about 20% (on dry matter (DM) basis) beet pulp silage were used. The beet pulp silage mainly replaced maize silage and corn cob silage. The TMR were intentionally equal in the concentrations of energy and utilisable crude protein (CP) at the duodenum. TMR were fed to 39 and 40 dairy cows, respectively, for 118 days. The average daily milk yield was about 43 kg/day. No significant differences in milk yield and milk fat or milk protein content were detected. DM intake of cows was significantly reduced by the inclusion of beet pulp silage (23.0 v. 24.5 kg/day). However, a digestibility study, separately conducted with sheep, showed a significantly higher organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy concentration for the TMR that contained beet pulp silage. In vitro gas production kinetics indicated that the intensity of fermentation was lower in the TMR that contained beet pulp silage. In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids, studied using a Rusitec, did not differ between the TMR. However, the inclusion of beet pulp silage in the ration caused a significant reduction in the efficiency of microbial CP synthesis in vitro. The amino acid profile of microbial protein remained unchanged. It was concluded that beet pulp silage has specific effects on ruminal fermentation that may depress feed intake of cows but improve digestibility. An inclusion of beet pulp silage of up to 20% of DM in rations for high-yielding dairy cows is possible without significant effects on milk yield and milk protein or milk fat.

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Assessing Minimum Amounts and Form of Roughages in Ruminant Diets: Roughage Value Index System

Cited by 153 publications

References 18 publications

Higher masseter muscle mass in grazing than in browsing ruminants

Higher masseter muscle mass in grazing than in browsing ruminants

Efeitos do estresse térmico sobre a produção, composição química do leite e respostas termorreguladoras de cabras da raça alpina

Effects of pressed beet pulp silage inclusion in maize-based rations on performance of high-yielding dairy cows and parameters of rumen fermentation

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