Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research

Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D.; Gannon-Rowley, Thomas

doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114

Cited by 3,294 publications

(2,733 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…[34][35][36] One study that involved interviews with residents found that living among vacant lots impacts community well-being and physical health. 33 Studies have also found associations between presence of vacant properties and physical health indicators including rates of drug-dependence mortality, 37 teen births, 38 sexually transmitted disease, 39 premature mortality, 40 and cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: Places and Health: Urban Blightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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Place-based programs are being noticed as key opportunities to prevent disease and promote public health and safety for populations at-large. As one key type of place-based intervention, nature-based and green space strategies can play an especially large role in improving health and safety for dwellers in urban environments such as US legacy cities that lack nature and greenery. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of place-based influences on public health and safety. We focus on nonchemical environmental factors, many of which are related to urban abandonment and blight. We then review findings from studies of nature-based interventions regarding impacts on health, perceptions of safety, and crime. Based on our findings, we suggest that further research in this area will require (1) refined measures of green space, nature, and health and safety for cities, (2) interdisciplinary science and cross-sector policy collaboration, (3) observational studies as well as randomized controlled experiments and natural experiments using appropriate spatial counterfactuals and mixed methods, and (4) return-on-investment calculations of potential economic, social, and health costs and benefits of urban greening initiatives. KEYWORDS Urban nature, Green space, Place-based interventions, Public health, CrimeThere is growing support of place-based programs to help prevent disease and promote public health and safety. [1][2][3][4][5] This movement is largely motivated by increasing findings that public health interventions targeted at individuals or behaviors have limited effect on health and safety outcomes at a population scale. 6 For example, educational programs that promote behavioral change among very specific, targeted population groups may not impact broader societal issues such as the actual contexts within which unhealthy behaviors like tobacco use, lack of exercise, poor diet, distracted driving, and violence occur. 7-9 Moreover, programmatic impact is rarely sustained beyond the small study populations that are targeted. When funding ends, program impact thus also often ends unless, in very rare instances, the program itself somehow becomes institutionalized or part of a larger social norm.Place-based programs rest on increasing evidence that in addition to biological and individual attributes, everyday environments have a potentially strong and Kondo is with the USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station,

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Section: Places and Health: Urban Blightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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“…Research thus got off to a slow start owing to this data limitation; but by the end of the 1990s, a substantial literature had emerged to suggest that growing up and living in a poor neighborhood significantly reduced an individual's life chances, holding constant individual and family characteristics (Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, and Aber 1997b;Sampson, Morenoff, and Gannon-Rowley 2002;Small and Newman 2001;Harding 2003).…”

Section: Measuring Concentrated Affluence and Povertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhoods, employment, and welfare use: Assessing the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic composition

Casciano

Massey

2008

Social Science Research

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We draw upon data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study to examine the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic composition on two key economic outcomes, and in doing so to test the validity of the index of concentration at the extremes (ICE) as a measure of neighborhood circumstances. Methodologically, we find that the index succinctly captures economic variation within neighborhoods in a way that avoids problems of colinearity that have characterized prior studies. Neighborhoods can be characterized as falling on a continuum ranging from concentrated disadvantage to concentrated advantage; the ICE measure does a good job capturing this variation and differentiating the neighborhood circumstances experienced by different groups. Substantively, we show that neighborhood economic circumstances are related to new mothers' welfare use and employment, above and beyond their individual socioeconomic characteristics.

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9] The inclusion of macro-level indicators acknowledges that HIV/AIDS risk is not the sole result of individual-level characteristics but, rather, a reflection of how structural factors may shape behaviors and create health inequalities. 10,11 Increasingly, researchers have begun to assess how these structural factors are associated with HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in order to create multilevel HIV/STI prevention programs that go beyond traditional, individual-level behavior change efforts. [12][13][14][15][16] Given our interest in understanding how neighborhood disadvantage may influence youth HIV/AIDS risk, we focused on youth condom use across adolescence as it is the only reproductive health technology that serves as a barrier method against HIV/STI infection during youth's exploration of their sexuality.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Changes in Condom Use among African American Adolescents

2010

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Neighborhood context may influence youth sexual decision-making. We examined the association between neighborhood characteristics and condom use in a sample of African American youth followed across the high school years (N=681; 51% female). Using a three-level hierarchical linear model, we modeled inconsistent condom use over time and then examined its association with youth's sexual risk trajectories (sexual intercourse frequency, number of partners, and pregnancy concerns) and individual-level characteristics (sex, age, SES, and household composition), and neighborhood disadvantage. While sexual intercourse frequency was associated with inconsistent condom use over time, youth reporting greater pregnancy concerns and number of partners reported more consistent condom use over time. Females were more likely to report more inconsistent condom use over time. Neighborhood disadvantage characteristics were associated with less baseline condom use, but did not have an association with changes in youth's condom use over the high school years. We discuss the implications for community-based HIV/AIDS prevention for youth.

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Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research

Cited by 3,294 publications

References 68 publications

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

Neighborhoods, employment, and welfare use: Assessing the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic composition

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Changes in Condom Use among African American Adolescents

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