“…The evaluation of interoperability is a growing concern in various research domains, and much research has contributed to this area. Many researchers have developed frameworks for the evaluation of interoperability, and our previous work (Liu et al, 2013(Liu et al, , 2015(Liu et al, , 2018 conducted a detailed comparative review of the existing approaches from six perspectives (physical, empirical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and social). The results reveal that most do not fully address the interoperability issues at the pragmatic level, at which an organisation's business processes, policies, behaviour and culture are considered.…”