Assessing Preferences of Facial Appearance in Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Patients

Abstract

Background We designed a survey to evaluate preferences of facial appearance in transgender male (TM), transgender female (TF) and gender nonbinary patients to better inform goals of facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS) in gender nonbinary patients. Methods TM/TF and nonbinary patients > 18 years old were identified via retrospective chart review and distributed an anonymized survey via email from October 3 to December 31, 2022. To assess facial preferences, AI-generated and open-source portraits were edited to create five image sets with a range of features from masculine to feminine for the forehead, mandible/chin and hairline. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests and ANOVA in R-Studio. Results Survey response rate was 32% (180 patients identified via chart review, 58 respondents; TM = 5, TF = 39, nonbinary = 14). TM and TF patients as well as TF and nonbinary patients had significantly different preferences for all regions (p < 0.005; all series), while TM and nonbinary patients did not (p => 0.05; all series). TF patients consistently selected 4s with neutral or more feminine features. TM and nonbinary patients, however, demonstrated no consistent preference for either male or female features but rather a range of responses spanning extremes of both masculine and feminine options. When stratified by sex assigned at birth, nonbinary patients consistently identified preferences opposite to their assigned gender. Conclusion Gender nonbinary and TM patients appear to have uniquely individual preferences regarding facial appearance that do not fit into classically masculine or feminine patterns/phenotypes. As a result, we recommend individualized preoperative planning for FGAS to achieve the optimal result in these patient populations. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Effect of Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS) on Eyelid Anatomic Features

“…According to a recent survey, transgender females preferred classically feminine anthropometric features of the forehead, hairline pattern, and mandible/chin. 7 And previous studies carried out in cisgender populations note several ideal masculine and feminine eyelid anatomic features. Specifically, increased tarsal platform show with a higher supratarsal fold and higher and more arched brow are generally considered feminine and aesthetically desirable.…”

“…There have been several published studies on gender perception based on facial anatomic features. According to a recent survey, transgender females preferred classically feminine anthropometric features of the forehead, hairline pattern, and mandible/chin 7 . And previous studies carried out in cisgender populations note several ideal masculine and feminine eyelid anatomic features.…”