Assessing rearing behaviour from the perspective of the parents: a new form of the EMBU

Abstract

The EMBU (Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran) is a self-reporting questionnaire developed to assess memories of adults about their parents' rearing practices. In the present study, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out on items of the EMBU-P, a new version of the EMBU especially designed to obtain ratings from parents about their own rearing behaviour with their children. The factor analysis yielded a structure similar to that obtained with the original EMBU (Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Control Attempts and Favouring Subject), but composed of fewer items. The internal consistency was adequate for the three major scales. Some significant correlations emerged between the EMBU-P scales. The Rejection scale correlated negatively with the Emotional Warmth scale and positively with the Control Attempts scale. The latter also correlated positively with Emotional Warmth. There were no significant correlations between the scales and the age of the parents. The sex of the parents was significantly associated with the EMBU-P scores.

Patterns of Parental Rearing Styles and Child Behaviour Problems among Portuguese School-Aged Children

“…The absence of a pattern that included different profiles for mother and father like the traditional type identified in Baumrind's study, may suggest that presently there is an attenuation of traditional gender roles concerning parenting (more harsh and strict parenting style for fathers and more responsive and warm parenting style for mothers). Nevertheless, higher levels of emotional support and control attempts from mother are reported in all patterns, which is consistent with the empirical literature that describes mothers as being more involved than fathers in everyday parenting (Castro et al 1997;Forehand and Nousiainen 1993;Paulson and Sputa 1996;Russel and Russel 1987). The typology identified in this study shows some similarities with the parenting styles' typology developed by Baumrind (1967l, 1989Baumrind (1967l, , 1991aBaumrind (1967l, , 1991b.…”

Father’s and Mother’s Perceptions of Parenting Styles as Mediators of the Effects of Parental Psychopathology on Antisocial Behavior in Outpatient Children and Adolescents

“…The raw scores for the three scales ''Emotional Warmth'' (emotional support and acceptation), ''Rejection'' (parent hostility, harsh and punitive parenting), and ''Overprotection'' (strict regulation and monitoring, and high degree of intrusiveness toward their children) were analyzed. The EMBU has been adapted and validated for the Spanish population with satisfactory psychometric properties [43]; Cronbach's alpha ranged from .66 to .84 [44]. In this study, the Cronbach' alphas for this questionnaire were adequate to good: father's emotional warmth (a = .88), mother's emotional warmth (a = .84), father's rejection (a = .77), mother's rejection (a = .77), father's overprotection (a = .75), and mother's overprotection (a = .71).…”

Mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: relationship among parenting stress, parental practices and child behaviour

“…Parental rearing practices were measured by using the EMBU-P (Castro et al 1997), whose Portuguese validation was developed by Canavarro and Pereira (2007). It is a self-report inventory that aims at evaluating the parents' perceptions of their own parental rearing practices with their children.…”