Assessing recognition memory using confidence ratings and response times

Weidemann, Christoph T.; Kahana, Michael J.

doi:10.1098/rsos.150670

Cited by 81 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Regarding the interaction, the data were insensitive, BF 01 ϭ 1.31; F (1,59) ϭ 3.11, p ϭ .083, G 2 ϭ .004. For recognition speed, taken as a measure of recognition confidence (Weidemann & Kahana, 2016), RTs did not differ for pseudowords previously presented on MP8 (M ϭ 759 ms) or MP4 (M ϭ 760 ms, difference: M ϭ 1.0 ms, 95% CI [Ϫ10.9, 15.2], d ϭ 0.04). There is strong support for the null hypothesis, BF 01 ϭ 11.12; F (1,59) Ͻ 1; see Figure 5D.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entrainment to an auditory signal: Is attention involved?

Kunert¹,

Jongman²

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Many natural auditory signals, including music and language, change periodically. The effect of such auditory rhythms on the brain is unclear however. One widely held view, dynamic attending theory, proposes that the attentional system entrains to the rhythm and increases attention at moments of rhythmic salience. In support, 2 experiments reported here show reduced response times to visual letter strings shown at auditory rhythm peaks, compared with rhythm troughs. However, we argue that an account invoking the entrainment of general attention should further predict rhythm entrainment to also influence memory for visual stimuli. In 2 pseudoword memory experiments we find evidence against this prediction. Whether a pseudoword is shown during an auditory rhythm peak or not is irrelevant for its later recognition memory in silence. Other attention manipulations, dividing attention and focusing attention, did result in a memory effect. This raises doubts about the suggested attentional nature of rhythm entrainment. We interpret our findings as support for auditory rhythm perception being based on auditory-motor entrainment, not general attention entrainment. Keywords: attention, entrainment, rhythm, memory, word memorySupplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000246.suppMany natural auditory signals change periodically, such as cricket chirps, bird song, and human speech and music. Many nonhuman animals have been found to use auditory periodicities to entrain their motor behavior to an underlying beat (Schachner, Brady, Pepperberg, & Hauser, 2009). What is the effect of auditory temporal regularities on humans? One widely influential theory suggests that the fluctuations inherent in "attentional energy" are affected. According to this dynamic attending theory (DAT; Jones, Boltz, & Kidd, 1982;Large & Jones, 1999), rhythmic perceptual input leads to the optimal allocation of attention: attentional fluctuations peak at the right moment when important input is expected. These attentional dynamics are crucial for music (Jones & Boltz, 1989) and speech comprehension (Pitt & Samuel, 1990). In the present experiments we investigate whether an auditory rhythm indeed affects attention, an effect which should be visible on a variety of tasks. To foreshadow our results, we find an effect for entrainment during immediate judgment tasks, but no effect for memory tasks. These findings suggest that auditory entrainment is actually quite limited. We propose that rhythmic entrainment may not affect general attention as suggested by the dominant interpretation of DAT, but instead results from auditory-motor entrainment.The DAT has been very influential as evidenced by more than 800 citations for two key papers each (per a Google Scholar search in March 2016; Jones & Boltz, 1989;Large & Jones, 1999). One behavioral demonstration of auditory entrainment is reported by Bolger, Trost, & Schön (2013). They asked participants to listen to a simple rhythm while performing a simple visual judgment task in which participants are a...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the surprising absence of auditory entrainment on recognition memory accuracy, we turn to the speed of recognition responses which has previously been linked to the confidence of memory judgments (Weidemann & Kahana, 2016). Perhaps, RT provides a more fine grained measure than accuracy rates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrainment to an auditory signal: Is attention involved?

Kunert¹,

Jongman²

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Effects of uncertainty about the solution could become apparent in the period after space key press, when the idea needs to be phrased and evaluated. Note that as uncertainty about the solution increases, reaction times typically also increase 43 . However, here we did not observe a relationship between creativity and the time it took participants to start submitting their solution, nor did we find a relation between reaction times and mid frontal theta changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creative Brains Show Reduced Mid Frontal Theta

Wokke

Padding

2018

Preprint

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Creativity is considered to be the driving force behind innovation and progress, yet the neural signature of creative thought remains elusive. Recently, creative thinking has been associated with dynamics between large-scale intrinsic neural networks. In the current study, we investigated whether fluctuations of activity in the control network is linked to creative thinking. We designed a 'caption this' task in which participants had to provide an original and apt caption to accompany a presented picture while EEG signals were recorded. To assess changing levels of cognitive control we made use of the strong relationship between mid frontal oscillatory activity in the theta range (4-7 HZ) and topdown control. This experimental set-up allowed us to assess the relationship between trial-by-trial changes in neural measures of top-down control and fluctuations in creativity. Results demonstrate that specifically when attention needs to be internally oriented lower levels of top-down control resulted in higher levels of creativity. In addition, increased creativity related to enhanced long-range functional connectivity between occipital and mid frontal cortex when the presented picture was no longer visible. Together, our findings demonstrate that creativity benefits from lower levels of top-down control and enhanced processing of internal information.

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“…Reaction times (RT) were also analyzed to control for any differences in task difficulty as reflected by the speed of memory task performance 101 due to emotion. Recently, it has been also indicated that reaction times provide similar information to explicit ratings of memory confidence in their ability to quantify recognition memory decisions 102 . We performed rm ANOVA with emotion (3 levels: disgust, fear, neutral), novelty (2 levels: old, new) and correctness (2 levels: correct, incorrect) as withinsubject factors.…”

Section: Behavioral Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct medial-temporal lobe mechanisms of encoding and amygdala-mediated memory reinstatement for disgust and fear

Riegel

Wierzba

Wypych

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Many associative memory traces are charged with emotion that can either impair or enhance subsequent retrieval. Various factors may influence such emotion effects, including the nature of associations and type of emotions. We show that long-term recognition memory of very close verbal associations was enhanced for emotionally charged material, and these effects differed between two negative emotion categories matched for arousal level. Specifically, memory was better for word pairs related to disgust than word pairs related to fear. Furthermore, these two emotions distinctively modulated neural processes during encoding and its relationship with retrieval, regardless of arousal evoked by word pairs. Amygdala and perirhinal cortex activity were associated with enhanced memory for disgust-related unitizations, whereas better memory for fear-related unitizations engaged parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus. Finally, the magnitude of amygdala activation during encoding was related to the subsequent fidelity of hippocampal activity patterns during retrieval. These results show that dissociable neural pathways and reinstatement mechanisms are involved in associative memory for different emotion categories and that arousal alone cannot fully explain emotional influences on associative memory.individually control for the effects of valence and arousal dimensions. Most importantly, this paradigm enabled us to compare the encoding-retrieval similarity of brain activation patterns elicited across two different emotion categories and determine which brain regions promoted this measure of neural reinstatement.We found a memory enhancement effect due to emotion. Moreover, word pairs related to disgust were remembered better than word pairs related to fear, and this effect could not be explained by differences in arousal. We found distinctive neural pathways preferentially engaged in encoding modulation by disgust or fear. Specifically, the left AMY and left PRC were more activated during successful encoding of disgust-related unitized word pairs, whereas right PHC and HC were more activated for fear-related unitized word pairs, even when the level of arousal was regressed out from the analysis. Moreover, during successful encoding of disgust-compared to fearrelated word pairs, we observed an increase in functional connectivity between AMY, PRC and PHC. Finally, for disgusting compared to fearful word pairs, the left AMY encoding activation was found to be critical for the level of trial-by-trial encodingretrieval similarity of brain activation patterns.Altogether, the results show that behavioural and neuronal mechanisms of long-term associative memory can be differently modulated by basic emotion categories, over and above of valence and arousal dimensions. For the first time, we revealed that due to AMY and PRC engagement, disgust as opposed to fear has a strong influence on reinstatement and recognition memory of unitized word pairs, which is in line with its distinctive and perhaps evolutionary-driven role in memorizing ...

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Assessing recognition memory using confidence ratings and response times

Cited by 81 publications

References 61 publications

Entrainment to an auditory signal: Is attention involved?

Entrainment to an auditory signal: Is attention involved?

Creative Brains Show Reduced Mid Frontal Theta

Distinct medial-temporal lobe mechanisms of encoding and amygdala-mediated memory reinstatement for disgust and fear

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